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Species differences in activating and inactivating enzymes related to the control of mutagenic metabolites

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Abstract

Microsomal monooxygenases catalyze the biosynthesis of epoxides from olefinic and aromatic compounds whilst microsomal epoxide hydratase and cytoplasmic glutathione S-transferases are responsible for their further biotransformation. Although catalytically very efficient the cytoplasmic glutathione S-transferases play, due to their subcellular localization, a minor role in the inactivation of epoxides derived from large lipophilic compounds and were, therefore, not included in this study. It was shown with such a lipophilic compound, benzo(a)pyrene, as a model substance and with liver enzyme mediated bacterial mutagenesis as biological endpoint that species and strain differences in epoxide hydratase and monooxygenases are reflected in very dramatic differences in mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene which varied from extremely potent to a degree which could easily be overlooked. In order to investigate whether the differences in enzyme activities were causally linked to the observed differences in mutagenicity, the enzyme activities were modulated by inhibition and induction. These manipulations were always accompanied by the corresponding changes in mutagenicity.

It is concluded that species such as mice which possess high monooxygenase activity but very low epoxide hydratase activity are much more susceptible than man to those toxic effects which are mediated by metabolically formed epoxides which are substrates of epoxide hydratase. In this regard, it is especially noteworthy that mice possess a much lower hepatic epoxide hydratase activity than man.

Zusammenfassung

Mikrosomale Monooxygenasen oxidieren olefinische und aromatische Stoffe zu Epoxiden, mikrosomale Epoxidhydratase und zytoplasmatische Glutathion-S-Transferasen setzen diese Epoxide weiter um. Obwohl katalytisch sehr aktiv, spielen zytoplasmatische Glutathion-S-Transferasen aufgrund ihrer subzellulären Lokalisierung nur eine untergeordnete Rolle bei der Inaktivierung von Epoxiden, die von großen lipophilen Substanzen gebildet werden, und wurden daher in dieser Studie nicht untersucht. Mit Benzo(a)pyren als Modellsubstanz und mit Leberenzym-vermittelter bakterieller Mutagenese als biologischem Endpunkt wurde gezeigt, daß sich Spezies- und Stammesunterschiede von Epoxidhydratase und Monooxygenasen sehr massiv in der Mutagenität widerspiegeln: Je nach Herkunft des aktivierenden Leberpräparates wird für Benzo(a)pyren eine äußerst starke oder eine verschwindend geringe, durchaus übersehbare Mutagenität beobachtet. Um festzustellen, ob die Unterschiede in den Enzymaktivitäten mit den beobachteten Unterschieden der Mutagenität kausal zusammenhängen, wurden die Enzymaktivitäten durch Inhibition und Induktion manipuliert. Diese Manipulationen hatten in jedem Falle entsprechende Veränderungen der Mutagenität zur Folge.

Es wird geschlossen, daß Tierarten wie die Maus, die eine hohe Monooxygenase- und eine sehr niedrige Epoxidhydratase-Aktivität aufweisen, viel anfälliger sind als der Mensch für solche toxischen Wirkungen, welche durch metabolisch gebildete Epoxide verursacht werden, die durch Epoxidhydratase inaktiviert werden. In dieser Hinsicht ist erwähnenswert, daß Mäuse eine sehr viel geringere Epoxidhydratase-Aktivität aufweisen als der Mensch.

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Oesch, F., Raphael, D., Schwind, H. et al. Species differences in activating and inactivating enzymes related to the control of mutagenic metabolites. Arch. Toxicol. 39, 97–108 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00343279

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