Summary
The pineal complex of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) was investigated by light and electron microscopy, as well as fluorescence histochemistry for demonstration of catecholamines and indolamines. The pineal complex of the stickleback consists of a pineal organ and a small parapineal organ situated on the left side of the pineal stalk. The pineal organ, including the entire stalk, is comprised mainly of ependymal-type interstitial cells and photoreceptor cells with well-developed outer segments. Both unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibres are present in the pineal organ. Nerve tracts from the stalk enter the habenular and posterior commissures. A small bundle of nerve fibres connects the parapineal organ and the left habenular body. The presence of indolamines (5-HTP, 5-HT) was demonstrated in cell bodies of both the pineal body and the pineal stalk, and catecholaminergic nerve fibres surround the pineal complex.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aghajanian GK, Kuhar MJ, Roth RH (1973) Serotonin-containing neural perikarya and terminals: differential effects of p-chlorophenylalanine. Brain Res 54:85–101
Baggerman B (1957) An experimental study on the timing of breeding and migration in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) Arch Néerl Zool 12:105–317
Bergmann G (1971) Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am Pinealorgan von Pterophyllum scalare Cuv. et Val. (Cichlidae, Teleostei). Z Zellforsch 119:257–288
Blest AD (1961) Some modifications of Holmes' silver method for insect central nervous systems. Quart J Microsc Sci 102:413–417
Chèze G (1971) Innervation épiphysaire chez Symphodus melops (Poisson-Labride). Bull Soc Zool Fr 96:53–57
Collin JP (1979) Recent advances in pineal cytochemistry. Evidence of the production of indolamines and proteinaceous substances by rudimentary photoreceptor cells and pinealocytes of Amniota. Progr Brain Res 52:271–296
Dodt E (1963) Photosensitivity of the pineal organ in the teleost, Salmo irideus (Gibbons). Experientia 19:642–643
Falcon J (1979a) L'organe pinéal du Brochet (Esox lucius, L.) I. Etude anatomique et cytologique. Ann Biol Anim Bioch Biophys 19:445–465
Falcon J (1979b) L'organe pinéal du Brochet (Esox lucius, L) II. Etude en microscopie électronique de la différenciation et de la rudimentation partielle des photorécepteurs; conséquences possibles sur l'élaboration des messages photosensoriels. Ann Biol Anim Biochim Biophys 19:661–668
Falcon J, Moquard JP (1979) L'organe pinéal du Brochet (Esox lucius, L.) III. Voies intrapinéals de conduction des messages photosensoriels. Ann Biol Anim Biochim Biophys 19:1043–1061
Fenwick JC (1970a) Demonstration and effect of melatonin in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 14:86–97
Fenwick JC (1970b) The pineal organ: photoperiod and reproductive cycles in the goldfish Carassius auratus L. J Endocrinol 46:101–111
Frisch K von (1911) Beiträge zur Physiologie der Pigmentzellen in der Fischhaut. Pflügers Arch Ges Physiol 138:319–387
Gern WA, Owens DW, Ralph CL (1978) Plasma melatonin in the trout: day-night change demonstrated by radioimmunoassay. Gen Comp Endocrinol 34:453–458
Hafeez MA (1971) Light microscopic studies on the pineal organ in teleost fishes with special regard to its function. J Morphol 134:281–314
Hafeez MA, Ford P (1967) Histology and histochemistry of the pineal organ in the sockeye salmon, Onchorhynchus nerka, Walbaum. Can. J Zool 45:117–126
Hafeez MA, Quay WB (1969) Histochemical and experimental studies of 5-hydroxytryptamine in pineal organ of teleosts (Salmo gairdneri and Atherinopsis californiensis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 13:211–217
Hafeez MA, Zerihun L (1974) Studies on central projections of the pineal nerve tract in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, using cobalt chloride iontophoresis. Cell Tissue Res 154:485–510
Hanyu I, Niwa H (1970) Pineal photosensitivity in three teleosts, Salmo irideus, Plecoglossus altivelis and Mugil cephalus. Rev Can Biol 29:133–140
Hartwig HG, Veen Th van (1979) Spectral characteristics of visible radiation penetrating into the brain and stimulating extraretinal photoreceptors. Transmission recordings in vertebrates. J Comp Physiol 130:277–282
Herwig HJ (1976) Comparative ultrastructural investigations of the pineal organ of the blind cave fish, Anoptichthys jordani, and its ancestor, the eyed river fish, Astyanax mexicanus. Cell Tissue Res 167:297–324
Hill CHA (1894) The epiphysis of teleosts and Amia. J Morphol 9:237–268
Holmgren N (1917) Zur Frage der Epiphysen-Innervation bei Teleostiern. Folia Neuro-Biol 10:1–15
Holmgren N (1918) Über die Epiphy sennerven von Clupea sprattus und harengus. Ark Zool 11, 25:1–5
Holmgren U (1959) On the structure of the pineal area of teleost fishes with special reference to a few deep-sea fishes. Göteborgs Kungl Vetenskaps-Vitterhets-Samhäll Handl Ser B 8(3): 1–66
Holmgren U (1965) On the ontogeny of the pineal and parapineal organs in teleost fishes. Progr Brain Res 10:172–182
Holt EWL (1891) Observations upon the development of the teleostean brain, with special references to that of Clupea harengus. Zool Jb Anat Ontog 4:478–500
Korf HW (1974) Acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons in the pineal and parapineal organs of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (with special reference to the pineal tract). Cell Tissue Res 155:475–489
Lorén I, Björklund A, Falck B, Lindvall O (1976) An improved histofluorescence procedure for freeze-dried paraffin embedded tissue based on combined formaldehyde-glyoxylic acid perfusion with high magnesium content and acid pH. Histochemistry 49:177–192
Manina AA (1979) The synapses of the nervous system. Int Rev Cytol 57:345–383
McNulty JA (1976) A comparative study of the pineal complex in the deep-sea fishes Bathylagus wesethi and Nezumia liolepis. Cell Tissue Res 172:205–225
McNulty JA (1978) A light and electron microscopic study of the pineal in the blind goby, Typhlogobius californiensis (Pisces: Gobiidae). J Comp Neurol 181:197–212
Meissl H, Donley CS, Wissler JH (1978) Free amino acid and amines in the pineal organ of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): influence of light and dark. Comp Biochem Physiol 61C:401–405
Møller M, Veen Th van (in press) Fluorescence histochemistry. In: Reiter RJ (ed) The Pineal: Its Anatomy and Biochemistry. CRC press
Morita Y (1966) Entladungsmuster pinealer Neurone der Regenbogenforelle (Salmo irideus) bei Belichtung des Zwischenhirns. Pflügers Arch Ges Physiol 289:155–167
Motte I de la (1964) Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Physiologie der Lichtempfindlichkeit geblendeter Fische. Z Vergl Physiol 49:58–90
Oksche A (1971) Sensory and glandular elements of the pineal organ. In: Wolstenhome GEW, Knight J (eds) The Pineal Gland. A Ciba Foundation Symposium. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh and London, pp 127–146
Oksche A, Hartwig HG (1975) Photoneuroendocrine systems and the third ventricle. Brain-Endocrine Interaction II. The Ventricular System. 2nd Int. Symp., Shizuoka 1974, Knigge KM, Scott DE, Kobayashi H, Ishii S (eds). Karger, Basel, pp 40–53
Oksche A, Hartwig HG (1979) Pineal sense organs — components of photo-neuro-endocrine systems. Prog Brain Res 52:113–130
Oksche A, Kirschstein H (1967) Die Ultrastruktur der Sinneszellen im Pinealorgan von Phoxinus laevis L. Z Zellforsch 78:151–166
Owman C, Rüdeberg C (1970) Light, fluorescence, and electron microscopic studies on the pineal organ of the pike, Esox lucius L., with special regard to 5-hydroxytryptamine. Z Zellforsch 107:522–550
Pischinger A (1930) Zur selektiven Darstellung der Kerne und Nissl-Schollen mit gepufferten Farblösungen. Verh Anat Ges 232
Quay WB (1965) Retinal and pineal hydroxyindole-0-methyl transferase activity in vertebrates. Life Sci 4:983–991
Rasquin P (1958) Studies in the control of pigment cells and light reactions in recent teleost fishes. 1. Morphology of the pineal region. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 115:7–68
Reiter RJ (1977) The Pineal, Vol. 2. Annual Research Reviews, Churchill-Livingstone/Eden Press
Reiter RJ (1978) The Pineal, Vol. 3. Annual Research Reviews, Churchill-Livingstone/Eden Press
Relkin R (1976) The Pineal, Vol. 1. Annual Research Reviews, Churchill-Livingstone/Eden Press
Rüdeberg C (1966) Electron microscopical observations on the pineal gland of the teleosts Mugil auratus (Risso) and Uranoscopus scaber (Linné). Publ Staz Zool Napoli 35:47–60
Rüdeberg C (1968) Structure of the pineal organ of the sardine, Sardina pilchardus sardina (Risso), and some further remarks on the pineal organ of Mugil spp. Z Zellforsch 84:219–237
Rüdeberg C (1969) Structure of the parapineal organ of the adult rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Z Zellforsch 93:282–304
Rüdeberg C (1971) Structure of the pineal organs of Anguilla anguilla L. and Lebistes reticulatus Peters (Teleostei). Z Zellforsch 122:227–243
Scharrer E (1928) Die Lichtempfindlichkeit blinder Elritzen. Z Vergl Physiol 7:1–38
Smith JR, Weber LJ (1974) Diurnal fluctuation in acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT) activity in the pineal gland of the steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 147:441–443
Smith JR, Weber LJ (1976) The regulation of day-night changes in hydroxyindole-0-methyltransferase activity in the pineal gland of steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can J Zool 54:1530–1534
Studnička KA (1905) Die Parietalorgane. In: Oppel A (ed) Lehrbuch der vergleichenden mikroskopischen Anatomie der Wirbeltiere. 5:1–254
Sundararaj BI, Keshavanath P (1976) Effects of melatonin and prolactin treatment on the hypophysialovarian system in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Gen Comp Endocrinol 29:84–96
Tabata M, Tamura R, Niwa H (1975) Origin of the slow potential in the pineal organ of the rainbow trout. Vision Res 15:737–740
Titschack E (1923) Die sekundären Geschlechtsmerkmale von Gasterosteus aculeatus L. Zool Jb Allg Zool Physiol 39:83–148
Urasaki H (1972) Effects of restricted photopheriod and melatonin administration on gonadal weight in the Japanese killifish. J Endocrinol 55:619–620
Veen Th van, Hartwig HG, Müller K (1976) Light-dependent motor activity and photonegative behaviour in the eel, Anguilla anguilla. Evidence for extraretinal and extrapineal photoreception. J Comp Physiol 111:209–219
Vlaming VL de (1975) Effects of pinealectomy on gonadal activity in the cyprinid teleost. Notemigonus crysoleucas. Gen Comp Endocrinol 26:36–49
Vlaming VL de, Sage M, Charlton CB (1974) The effects of melatonin treatment on gonadosomatic index in the teleost, Fundulus similis, and the tree frog, Hyla cinerea. Gen Comp Endocrinol 22:433–438
Vlaming VL de, Vodicnik MJ (1977) Effects of pinealectomy on pituitary gonadotrophs, pituitary gonadotropin potency and hypothalamic releasing activity in Notemigonus crysoleucas. J Fish Biol 10:73–86
Wake K (1973) Acetylcholinesterase-containing nerve cells and their distribution in the pineal organ of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Z Zellforsch 145:287–298
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
van Veen, T., Ekström, P., Borg, B. et al. The pineal complex of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L.. Cell Tissue Res. 209, 11–28 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00219919
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00219919