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Neuroanatomy of the optic ganglia and central brain of the water flea Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Cladocera)

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Abstract

We reveal the neuroanatomy of the optic ganglia and central brain in the water flea Daphnia magna by use of classical neuroanatomical techniques such as semi-thin sectioning and neuronal backfilling, as well as immunohistochemical markers for synapsins, various neuropeptides and the neurotransmitter histamine. We provide structural details of distinct neuropiles, tracts and commissures, many of which were previously undescribed. We analyse morphological details of most neuron types, which allow for unravelling the connectivities between various substructural parts of the optic ganglia and the central brain and of ascending and descending connections with the ventral nerve cord. We identify 5 allatostatin-A-like, 13 FMRFamide-like and 5 tachykinin-like neuropeptidergic neuron types and 6 histamine-immunoreactive neuron types. In addition, novel aspects of several known pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons are re-examined. We analyse primary and putative secondary olfactory pathways and neuronal elements of the water flea central complex, which displays both insect- and decapod crustacean-like features, such as the protocerebral bridge, central body and lateral accessory lobes. Phylogenetic aspects based upon structural comparisons are discussed as well as functional implications envisaging more specific future analyses of ecotoxicological and endocrine disrupting environmental chemicals.

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Acknowledgments

T.K. gratefully acknowledges receiving a stipend from the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stockholm University. H.D. is grateful to the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stockholm University and the Carl-Tryggers Foundation, Stockholm, for support. We thank Prof. Dick R. Nässel, Stockholm University, for providing the Locusta-tachykinin antiserum. The monoclonal antibodies 3C11 (anti SYNORF1)(Klagges et al. 1996) and 5 F10 (anti-Dippu-allatostatin-7, deposited by Barbara Stay) were obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, created by the NICHD of the NIH and maintained at the University of Iowa, Department of Biology, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18A, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden

    Timm Kress & Heinrich Dircksen

  2. Department of Cell and Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstrasse 23, D - 17487, Greifswald, Germany

    Steffen Harzsch

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  1. Timm Kress
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  2. Steffen Harzsch
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  3. Heinrich Dircksen
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Correspondence to Heinrich Dircksen.

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ESM 1

Terminology and synonyms of Daphnia and other branchiopodan optic ganglia and brain neuropiles. (DOCX 34.9 kb)

Fig. S1

SYN-ir neuropiles in the central brain of Daphnia magna. The video shows a rotating stack of confocal micrographs depth-coded from the dorsal (red) to ventral (blue) side of the brain. Note especially on the ventral side the inner and outer domains of the protocerebral bridge (PB isd, osd) and the central body and on the dorsal side the anterior and posterior dorsal neuropiles (aDN, pDN) and the lateral and tritocerebral neuropiles (LN, TCN). For more explanations see text and of text Figs. 4–7 (GIF 33370 kb)

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Kress, T., Harzsch, S. & Dircksen, H. Neuroanatomy of the optic ganglia and central brain of the water flea Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Cladocera). Cell Tissue Res 363, 649–677 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-015-2279-4

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