Abstract
Salt-affected and sandy pedospheres low in complex organic and mineral matrices critical for metal sorption (e.g. humics, aluminosilicates) could exacerbate metal transfer into the food chain. To test this hypothesis, a 3-factor study with salinity (0–50 mM NaCl), humates (HA; 0–150 mg/kg) and Cd contamination (0–9 mg/kg) was conducted in sandy substrate with strawberry. Cadmium phytoaccumulation decreased in the order roots > crowns > leaves > fruits. In comparison to the control, tissue Cd concentration was influenced by the NaCl × HA × Cd interaction, increasing Cd in leaves (up to 241-fold) and fruits (up to 135-fold) and exceeding the European maximum limit of 0.05 mg Cd/kg w wt. Surface analyses (XRD, SEM–EDX, FTIR, SIMS) revealed that the growth substrate rich in SiO2 (> 87% w/w) had uniform, nonporous and chemically unreactive surface structure. In contrast, the more complex HA matrix featuring abundant and heterogeneous micro-porosity and a large content of reactive radicals. Chemical speciation modelling of the rhizosphere solutions showed that almost all Cd was dissolved and distributed among the bioavailable Cd2+, Cl-complexed and HA-complexed pools, with small amounts of Cd adsorbed to K/Na-aluminosilicates. Slightly acidic pH (5.4–6.2) and complexation with Cl and HA in the rhizosphere favoured Cd solubility and its transfer to plants. The assessment of health risk of strawberry fruit consumption indicated a relatively higher the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) in children (5% of provisional tolerable daily Cd intake) vs adults (< 1%), with the Dietary Risk Coefficient (DRC) < 0.1 in both populations, suggesting a low risk. However, given Cd intake from other sources and its cumulative effects, precautions are needed when consuming strawberries grown in salt-affected sandy soils.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on request.
References
Ali AYA, Ibrahim MEH, Zhou G, Nimir NEA, Jiao X, Zhu G, Elsiddig AMI, Suliman MSE, Elrad SBM, Yue W (2020) Exogenous jasmonic acid and humic acid increased salinity tolerance of sorghum. Agron J 112:871–884. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20072
Allen N, Dai C, Hu Y, Kubicki JD, Kabengi N (2019) Adsorption study of Al3+, Cr3+, and Mn2+ onto quartz and corundum using flow microcalorimetry, quartz crystal microbalance, and density functional theory. ACS Earth Space Chem 3:432–441. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00148
Aşçı Y, Nurbaş M, Sağ Açıkel Y (2010) Investigation of sorption/desorption equilibria of heavy metal ions on/from quartz using rhamnolipid biosurfactant. J Environ Manage 91:724–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.036
Ávila PF, Ferreira da Silva E, Candeias C (2017) Health risk assessment through consumption of vegetables rich in heavy metals: the case study of the surrounding villages from Panasqueira mine, Central Portugal. Environ Geochem Health 39:565–589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9834-0
Batista AH, Melo VF, Gilkes R, Roberts M (2018) Identification of heavy metals in crystals of sand and silt fractions of soils by scanning electron microscopy (SEM EDS/WD-EPMA). Rev Bras Ciênc Do Solo. https://doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20170174
Bezuglova OS, Polienko EA, Gorovtsov AV, Lyhman VA, Pavlov PD (2017) Annals of agrarian science the effect of humic substances on winter wheat yield and fertility of ordinary chernozem. Ann Agrar Sci 15:239–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2017.05.006
Boguta P, Sokołowska Z (2016) Interactions of Zn(II) ions with humic acids isolated from various type of soils. Effect of pH, Zn concentrations and humic acids chemical properties. PLoS ONE 11:e0153626. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153626
Buffet PE, Amiard-Triquet C, Dybowska A, Risso-de Faverney C, Guibbolini M, Valsami-Jones E, Mouneyrac C (2012) Fate of isotopically labeled zinc oxide nanoparticles in sediment and effects on two endobenthic species, the clam Scrobicularia plana and the ragworm Hediste diversicolor. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 84:191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.07.010
Bunluesin S, Pokethitiyook P, Lanza GR, Tyson JF (2007) Influences of cadmium and zinc interaction and humic acid on metal accumulation in Ceratophyllum demersum. Water Air Soil Pollut 180:225–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9265-0
Cabral-Pinto MMS, Inácio M, Neves O, Almeida AA, Pinto E, Oliveiro B, Ferreira da Silva EA (2020) Human health risk assessment due to agricultural activities and crop consumption in the surroundings of an industrial area. Expo Health 12:629–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00323-x
Candeias C, Ávila P, Coelho P, Teixeira JP (2019) Mining activities: health impacts. In: Nriagu J (ed) Encyclopedia of environmental health, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 415–435
Canellas LP, Olivares FL, Aguiar NO, Jones DL, Nebbioso A, Mazzei P, Piccolo A (2015) Humic and fulvic acids as biostimulants in horticulture. Sci Hortic 196:15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.013
Castro-Bedriñana J, Chirinos-Peinado D, Ríos-Ríos E, Machuca-Campuzano M, Gómez-Ventura E (2021) Dietary risk of milk contaminated with lead and cadmium in areas near mining-metallurgical industries in the Central Andes of Peru. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 220:112382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112382
Cherfi A, Achour M, Cherfi M, Otmani S, Morsli A (2015) Health risk assessment of heavy metals through consumption of vegetables irrigated with reclaimed urban wastewater in Algeria. Process Saf Environ Prot 98:245–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2015.08.004
Christophoridis C, Kosma A, Evgenakis E, Bourliva A, Fytianos K (2019) Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment of cheese products consumed in Greece. J Food Compos Anal 82:103238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103238
De Morais EG, Silva CA, Rosa SD (2018) Nutrient acquisition and eucalyptus growth affected by humic acid sources and concentrations. Semin Ciênc Agrárias 39(4):1417–1436. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n4p1417
Dobbss LB, Pasqualoto Canellas L, Lopes Olivares F, Oliveira Aguiar N, Peres LEP, Azevedo M, Spaccini R, Piccolo A, Façanha AR (2010) Bioactivity of chemically transformed humic matter from vermicompost on plant root growth. J Agric Food Chem 58:3681–3688. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf904385c
Dunbar KR, McLaughlin MJ, Reid RJ (2003) The uptake and partitioning of cadmium in two cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). J Exp Bot 54:349–354. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg016
EFSA (2012) Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA J 10:2551. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2551
El-Kady AFY, Borham TI (2020) Sustainable cultivation under saline irrigation water: alleviating salinity stress using different management treatments on Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Agric Water Manage 229:105902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105902
El Ouaqoudi FZ, El Fels L, Winterton P, Lemée L, Amblès A, Hafidi M (2014) Study of humic acids during composting of ligno-cellulose waste by infra-red spectroscopic and thermogravimetric/thermal differential analysis. Compost Sci Util 22:188–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2014.910148
Evangelou MWH, Daghan H, Schaeffer A (2004) The influence of humic acids on the phytoextraction of cadmium from soil. Chemosphere 57:207–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.06.017
Farjana SH, Huda N, Parvez Mahmud MA, Saidur R (2019) A review on the impact of mining and mineral processing industries through life cycle assessment. J Clean Prod 231:1200–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.264
Ferreira JFS, Liu X, Suarez DL (2019) Fruit yield and survival of five commercial strawberry cultivars under field cultivation and salinity stress. Sci Hortic (amsterdam) 243:401–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.07.016
Filip Z, Alberts JJ (1994) Microbial utilization resulting in early diagenesis of salt-marsh humic acids. Sci Total Environ 144:121–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90433-2
Filipović L, Romić M, Romić D, Filipović V, Ondrašek G (2018) Organic matter and salinity modify cadmium soil (phyto)availability. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 147:824–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.041
Fuad Mondal M, Asaduzzaman M, Ueno M, Kawaguchi M, Yano S, Ban T, Tanaka H, Asao T (2017) Reduction of potassium (K) content in strawberry fruits through KNO3 management of hydroponics. Hortic J 86:26–36. https://doi.org/10.2503/hortj.MI-113
Ghosh G, Drew MC (1991) Comparison of analytical methods for extraction of chloride from plant tissue using36Cl as tracer. Plant Soil 136:265–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02150058
Giovanela M, Crespo JS, Antunes M, Adamatti DS, Fernandes AN, Barison A, da Silva CWP, Guégan R, Motelica-Heino M, Sierra MMD (2010) Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of humic acids extracted from the bottom sediments of a Brazilian subtropical microbasin. J Mol Struct 981:111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.07.038
Guo S, Hu N, Li Q, Yang P, Wang L, Xu Z (2018) Response of Edible Amaranth cultivar to salt stress led to Cd mobilization in rhizosphere soil: a metabolomic analysis. Environ Pollut. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.018
Gustafsson JP (2006) Arsenate adsorption to soils: modelling the competition from humic substances. Geoderma 136:320–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.03.046
Haghighi M, Teixeira da Silva JA (2013) Amendment of hydroponic nutrient solution with humic acid and glutamic acid in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) culture. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 59:642–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2013.809599
Haghighi M, Kafi M, Fang P, Gui-Xiao L (2010) Humic acid decreased hazardous of cadmium toxicity on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Veg Crop Res Bull 72:49–61. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10032-010-0005-z
Harris NS, Taylor GJ (2001) Remobilization of cadmium in maturing shoots of near isogenic lines of durum wheat that differ in grain cadmium accumulation. J Exp Bot 52:1473–1481. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.360.1473
He BY, Yu DP, Chen Y, Shi JL, Xia Y, Li QS, Wang LL, Ling L, Zeng EY (2017) Use of low-calcium cultivars to reduce cadmium uptake and accumulation in edible amaranth (Amaranthus mangostanus L.). Chemosphere 171:588–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.085
Helms JR, Stubbins A, Ritchie JD, Minor EC, Kieber DJ, Mopper K (2008) Absorption spectral slopes and slope ratios as indicators of molecular weight, source, and photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter. Limnol Oceanogr 53:955–969. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.3.0955
Iida Y, Yamaguchi T, Tanaka T, Hemmi K (2016) Sorption behavior of thorium onto granite and its constituent minerals. J Nucl Sci Technol 53:1573–1584. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2016.1138901
Jarošová M, Klejdus B, Kováčik J, Babula P, Hedbavny J (2016) Humic acid protects barley against salinity. Acta Physiol Plant 38:161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2181-z
Kalis EJJ, Temminghoff EJM, Weng L, Van Riemsdijk WH (2006) Effects of humic acid and competing cations on metal uptake by Lolium perenne. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:702–711. https://doi.org/10.1897/04-576R.1
Kim K, Melough MM, Vance TM, Noh H, Koo SI, Chun OK (2019) Dietary cadmium intake and sources in the US. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010002
Kinniburgh DG, van Riemsdijk WH, Koopal LK, Borkovec M, Benedetti MF, Avena MJ (1999) Ion binding to natural organic matter: competition, heterogeneity, stoichiometry and thermodynamic consistency. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 151:147–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00637-2
Kosmulski M (1996) Adsorption of cadmium on alumina and silica: analysis of the values of stability constants of surface complexes calculated for different parameters of triple layer model. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 117:201–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(96)03706-5
Landry CJ, Koretsky CM, Lund TJ, Schaller M, Das S (2009) Surface complexation modeling of Co(II) adsorption on mixtures of hydrous ferric oxide, quartz and kaolinite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 73:3723–3737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.03.028
Lorenz SE, Hamon RE, Holm PE, Domingues HC, Sequeira EM, Christensen TH, McGrath SP (1997) Cadmium and zinc in plants and soil solutions from contaminated soils. Plant Soil 189:21–31. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004214923372
Marschner H (2011) Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants, 3rd edn. Academic press, London
Meriño-Gergichevich C, Luengo-Escobar A, Alarcón D, Reyes-Díaz M, Ondrasek G, Morina F, Ogass K (2021) Combined spraying of boron and zinc during fruit set and premature stage improves yield and fruit quality of European hazelnut cv. Tonda Di Giffoni. Front Plant Sci 12:984. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.661542
Mthembu PP, Elumalai V, Brindha K, Li P (2020) Hydrogeochemical processes and trace metal contamination in groundwater: impact on human health in the Maputaland Coastal Aquifer, South Africa. Expo Health 12:403–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-020-00369-2
Nair S, Karimzadeh L, Merkel BJ (2014) Surface complexation modeling of Uranium(VI) sorption on quartz in the presence and absence of alkaline earth metals. Environ Earth Sci 71:1737–1745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2579-5
Nardi S, Muscolo A, Vaccaro S, Baiano S, Spaccini R, Piccolo A (2007) Relationship between molecular characteristics of soil humic fractions and glycolytic pathway and krebs cycle in maize seedlings. Soil Biol Biochem 39:3138–3146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.07.006
Njinga RL, Tshivhase VM (2019) Major chemical carcinogens in drinking water sources: health implications due to illegal gold mining activities in Zamfara State-Nigeria. Expo Health 11:47–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-017-0265-7
Olin M, Lehikoinen J (1997) Application of surface complexation modelling: nickel sorption on quartz, manganese oxide, kaolinite and goethite, and thorium on silica. Finland
Ondrasek G (2013) The responses of salt-affected plants to cadmium. In: Ahmad P, Azooz MM, Prasad MNV (eds) Salt stress in plants. Springer, New York, pp 439–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6108-1_17
Ondrasek G (2014) Water scarcity and water stress in agriculture. In: Ahmad P, Wani M (eds) Physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies in plants under changing environment. Springer, New York, pp 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8591-9_4
Ondrasek G, Rengel Z (2012) The role of soil organic matter in trace element bioavailability and toxicity. In: Ahmad P, Prasad M (eds) Abiotic stress responses in plants. Springer, New York, pp 403–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0634-1_22
Ondrasek G, Rengel Z (2021) Environmental salinization processes: detection, implications & solutions. Sci Total Environ 754:142432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142432
Ondrasek G, Davor R, Zed R, Marija R, Monika Z (2009) Cadmium accumulation by muskmelon under salt stress in contaminated organic soil. Sci Total Environ 407:2175–2182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.032
Ondrasek G, Rengel Z, Romic D, Savic R (2012) Salinity decreases dissolved organic carbon in the rhizosphere and increases trace element phyto-accumulation. Eur J Soil Sci. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2012.01463.x
Ondrasek G, Rengel Z, Clode PL, Kilburn MR, Guagliardo P, Romic D (2019) Zinc and cadmium mapping by NanoSIMS within the root apex after short-term exposure to metal contamination. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.021
Ondrasek G, Romic D, Rengel Z (2020) Interactions of humates and chlorides with cadmium drive soil cadmium chemistry and uptake by radish cultivars. Sci Total Environ 702:134887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134887
Ondrasek G, Rengel Z, Maurović N, Kondres N, Filipović V, Savić R, Blagojević B, Tanaskovik V, Gergichevich CM, Romić D (2021a) Growth and element uptake by salt-sensitive crops under combined NaCl and Cd stresses. Plants. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061202
Ondrasek G, Zovko M, Kranjčec F, Savić R, Romić D, Rengel Z (2021b) Wood biomass fly ash ameliorates acidic, low-nutrient hydromorphic soil and reduces metal accumulation in maize. J Clean Prod 283:124650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124650
Ozkutlu F, Ozturk L, Erdem H, McLaughlin M, Cakmak I (2007) Leaf-applied sodium chloride promotes cadmium accumulation in durum wheat grain. Plant Soil 290:323–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9164-6
Piccolo A (2001) The supramolecular structure of humic substances. Soil Sci 166:810–832
Puglisi E, Fragoulis G, Ricciuti P, Cappa F, Spaccini R, Piccolo A, Trevisan M, Crecchio C (2009) Chemosphere effects of a humic acid and its size-fractions on the bacterial community of soil rhizosphere under maize (Zea mays L.). Chemosphere 77:829–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.077
Richardson PW, Hawkes HE (1958) Adsorption of copper on quartz. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 15:6–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(58)90003-6
Romic D, Romic M, Zovko M, Bakic H, Ondrasek G (2012) Trace metals in the coastal soils developed from estuarine floodplain sediments in the Croatian Mediterranean region. Environ Geochem Health 34:399–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-012-9449-z
Rose MT, Patti AF, Little KR, Brown AL, Jackson WR, Cavagnaro TR (2014) A meta-analysis and review of plant-growth response to humic substances. In: Sparks DL (ed) Practical implications for agriculture, advances in agronomy. Academic Press, London, pp 37–89
Sabah E, Ouki S (2017) Sepiolite and sepiolite-bound humic acid interactions in alkaline media and the mechanism of the formation of sepiolite-humic acid complexes. Int J Miner Process 162:69–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2017.03.005
Saidimoradi D, Ghaderi N, Javadi T (2019) Salinity stress mitigation by humic acid application in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Sci Hortic (amsterdam) 256:108594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108594
Sarlaki E, Paghaleh AS, Kianmehr MH, Vakilian KA (2020) Chemical, spectral and morphological characterization of humic acids extracted and membrane purified from lignite. Chem Chem Technol 14:353–361. https://doi.org/10.23939/chcht14.03.353
SAS Institution Inc. (2011) SAS v. 9.3
Schaller MS, Koretsky CM, Lund TJ, Landry CJ (2009) Surface complexation modeling of Cd(II) adsorption on mixtures of hydrous ferric oxide, quartz and kaolinite. J Colloid Interface Sci 339:302–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2009.07.053
Schrecker T, Birn A-E, Aguilera M (2018) How extractive industries affect health: political economy underpinnings and pathways. Health Place 52:135–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.05.005
Selim EM, Mosa AA, El-Ghamry AM (2009) Evaluation of humic substances fertigation through surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems on potato grown under Egyptian sandy soil conditions. Agric Water Manage 96:1218–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.03.018
Shah ZH, Rehman HM, Akhtar T, Alsamadany H, Alzahrani HAS, Ali S, Yang SH, Chung G, Scotti R (2018) Humic substances: determining potential molecular regulatory processes in plants. Front Plant Sci 9:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00263
Shi Z, Carey M, Davidson E, Meharg C, Meharg AA (2021) Avoiding rice-based cadmium and inorganic arsenic in infant diets through selection of products low in concentration of these contaminants. Expo Health 13:229–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-020-00376-3
Socrates G (2004) Infrared and Raman characteristic group frequencies, tables and charts, 3rd edn. Wiley, Chichester. ISBN: 978-0-470-09307-8
Statista (2021) Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/823192/us-per-capita-consumption-of-fresh-strawberries/. Accessed 20 July 2021
Sun Y, Niu G, Wallace R, Masabni J, Gu M (2015) Relative salt tolerance of seven strawberry cultivars. Horticulturae 1:27–43. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae1010027
Sverjensky DA, Sahai N (1996) Theoretical prediction of single-site surface-protonation equilibrium constants for oxides and silicates in water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:3773–3797. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00207-4
Tasmanian Government (2013) Strawberry Market Profile. https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Strawberry%20Profile%20updated%20March%202014.pdf. Accessed 20 July 2021
Tatzber M, Stemmer M, Spiegel H, Katzlberger C, Haberhauer G, Mentler A, Gerzabek MH (2007) FTIR-spectroscopic characterization of humic acids and humin fractions obtained by advanced NaOH, Na4P2O7, and Na2CO3 extraction procedures. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 170:522–529. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200622082
USEPA (2011) Exposure factors handbook 2011 edition (Final). https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=236252. Accessed 20 July 2021
Vidal O, Rostom F, François C, Giraud G (2017) Global trends in metal consumption and supply: the raw material-energy nexus. Elements 13:319–324. https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.13.5.319
Westall J, Hohl H (1980) A comparison of electrostatic models for the oxide/solution interface. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 12:265–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8686(80)80012-1
WHO (2015) Human biomonitoring: facts and figures. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/276311/Human-biomonitoring-facts-figures-en.pdf. Accessed 20 July 2021
Xu J, Tan W, Xiong J, Wang M, Fang L, Koopal LK (2016) Copper binding to soil fulvic and humic acids: NICA-Donnan modeling and conditional affinity spectra. J Colloid Interface Sci 473:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.03.066
Yada S, Oda H, Kawasaki A (2004) Uptake and transport of Cd supplied at early growth stage in hydroponically cultured soybean plants. Biomed Res Trace Elem 15:292–294. https://doi.org/10.11299/brte.15.292
Yoneyama T, Gosho T, Kato M, Goto S, Hayashi H (2010) Xylem and phloem transport of Cd, Zn and Fe into the grains of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) grown in continuously flooded Cd-contaminated soil. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 56:445–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2010.00481.x
You X, Liu S, Dai C, Zhong G, Duan Y, Guo Y, Makhinov AN, Júnior JTA, Tu Y, Leong KH (2020) Effects of EDTA on adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by soil minerals in low-permeability layers: batch experiments and microscopic characterization. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:41623–41638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10149-9
Yu Y, Yuan S, Wan Y, Wang Q, Li H (2017) Effect of humic acid-based amendments on exchangeable cadmium and its accumulation by rice seedlings. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 36:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12631
Zakir HM, Quadir QF, Mollah MZI (2021) Human health risk assessment of heavy metals through the consumption of common foodstuffs collected from two divisional cities of Bangladesh. Expo Health 13:253–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-020-00380-7
Zhang C, Sale PWG, Tang C (2016) Cadmium uptake by Carpobrotus rossii (Haw.) Schwantes under different saline conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:13480–13488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6508-5
Acknowledgements
This research has been supported by the Ash4SoiL project (Class: 440-12/20-16-01-02/0001; No: 343-1601/01-21-004) founded by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (90%) and R. Croatia (10%), and the Postdoc project (O-3510-2010) founded by the Croatian Science Foundation. The authors are grateful for the technical assistance of Michael Smirk, Paul Damon and Kim Duffecy (Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia). The authors are grateful to anonymous reviewers for their numerous suggestions and comments which improved the final manuscript version.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical Approval
Not applicable.
Consent for Publication
All authors have read and approved the manuscript to be submitted for publication.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ondrasek, G., Jelovica Badovinac, I., Peter, R. et al. Humates and Chlorides Synergistically Increase Cd Phytoaccumulation in Strawberry Fruits, Heightening Health Risk from Cd in Human Diet. Expo Health 14, 393–410 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00457-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00457-x