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Effect of cadmium accumulation on mineral nutrient levels in vegetable crops: potential implications for human health

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Abstract

Consumption of vegetables is often the predominant route whereby humans are exposed to the toxic metal Cd. Health impacts arising from Cd consumption may be influenced by changes in the mineral nutrient content of vegetables, which may occur when plants are exposed to Cd. Here, we subjected model root (carrot) and leaf (lettuce) vegetables to soil Cd concentrations of 0.3, 1.5, 3.3, and 9.6 μg g−1 for 10 weeks to investigate the effect of Cd exposure on Cd accumulation, growth performance, and mineral nutrient homeostasis. The findings demonstrated that Cd accumulation in lettuce (20.1–71.5 μg g−1) was higher than that in carrot (3.2–27.5 μg g−1), and accumulation exceeded the maximum permissible Cd concentration in vegetables when soil contained more than 3.3 μg g−1 of Cd. There was a marked hormetic effect on carrot growth at a soil Cd concentration of 3.3 μg g−1, but increasing the Cd concentration to 9.6 μg g−1 caused decreased growth in both crops. Additionally, in most cases, there was a positive correlation between Cd and the mineral nutrient content of vegetables, which was due to physiological changes in the plants causing increased uptake and/or translocation. This may suggest a general mechanism whereby the plant compensated for disrupted mineral nutrient metabolism by increasing nutrient supply to its tissues. Increased nutrient levels could potentially offset some risks posed to humans by increased Cd levels in crops, and we therefore suggest that changes in mineral nutrient levels should be included more widely in the risk assessment of potentially toxic metal contamination.

The Cd concentration (μg g-1 in dry matter) in the root, shoot and translocation factor (TF) of Cd from root to shoot in the carrot and lettuce, and the percentage of root Cd to the gross Cd contents (%) in carrot (C) and lettuce (D) exposed to soil Cd (0 (control), 1, 3, and 9 μg g-1) for 70 days. Values are means ± SD (n = 5).

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Acknowledgments

The research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31402316) and Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China (2014B030301064). The authors would also like to acknowledge the useful comments of the anonymous reviewers.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China

    Danping Yang & Deti Xie

  2. Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China

    Danping Yang & Zhiqiang Guo

  3. Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK

    Zhiqiang Guo & Iain D. Green

Authors
  1. Danping Yang
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  2. Zhiqiang Guo
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  3. Iain D. Green
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  4. Deti Xie
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Zhiqiang Guo or Deti Xie.

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Responsible editor: Elena Maestri

Highlights

• Edible parts of plants accumulated the highest Cd concentrations.

• Lettuce has a higher capacity for Cd uptake than carrot.

• Moderate Cd exposure has a hormetic effect on carrot growth.

• Cd levels positively correlated with nutrient mineral content in most cases.

• Changes in mineral nutrient levels should be included in risk assessment.

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Yang, D., Guo, Z., Green, I.D. et al. Effect of cadmium accumulation on mineral nutrient levels in vegetable crops: potential implications for human health. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 19744–19753 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7186-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7186-z

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