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Effects of dielectric stoichiometry on the photoluminescence properties of encapsulated WSe2 monolayers

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Abstract

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors have emerged as promising candidates for optoelectronic devices with unprecedented properties and ultra-compact footprints. However, the high sensitivity of atomically thin materials to the surrounding dielectric media imposes severe limitations on their practical applicability. Hence, to enable the effective integration of these materials in devices, the development of reliable encapsulation procedures that preserve their physical properties is required. Here, the excitonic photoluminescence (at room temperature and 10 K) is assessed on mechanically exfoliated WSe2 monolayer flakes encapsulated with SiOx and AlxOy layers by means of chemical and physical deposition techniques. Conformal coating on untreated and non-functionalized flakes is successfully achieved by all the techniques examined, with the exception of atomic layer deposition, for which a cluster-like oxide coating is formed. No significant compositional or strain state changes in the flakes are detected upon encapsulation, independently of the technique adopted. Remarkably, our results show that the optical emission of the flakes is strongly influenced by the stoichiometry quality of the encapsulating oxide. When the encapsulation is carried out with slightly sub-stoichiometric oxides, two remarkable phenomena are observed. First, dominant trion (charged exciton) photoluminescence is detected at room temperature, revealing a clear electrical doping of the monolayers. Second, a strong decrease in the optical emission of the monolayers is observed, and attributed to non-radiative recombination processes and/or carrier transfer from the flake to the oxide. Power- and temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurements further confirm that stoichiometric oxides obtained by physical deposition lead to a successful encapsulation, opening a promising route for the development of integrated two-dimensional devices.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Georgios Katsaros and Tim Wehling for valuable discussions. Stephan Bräuer, Albin Schwarz, and Ursula Kainz are acknowledged for technical support. A. M. acknowledges the financial support through BES-2013-062593. G. G. acknowledges support from the Austrian Science Fund through project P 28018-B27. I. Z. acknowledges financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation research grant (No. 200021_165784). This work was partially funded by the Austrian Science Fund through the projects P24471 and P26830, and by the Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness trough the project MINECO/FEDER TEC2015-69916-C2-1-R.

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  1. Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, A-4040, Linz, Austria

    Javier Martín-Sánchez, Aitana Tarazaga Martín-Luengo, Alma Halilovic, Alberta Bonanni, Rinaldo Trotta & Armando Rastelli

  2. Laser Processing Group, Instituto de Óptica, CSIC, C/Serrano 121, 28006, Madrid, Spain

    Antonio Mariscal & Rosalía Serna

  3. Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland

    Marta De Luca & Ilaria Zardo

  4. Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, A-4020, Linz, Austria

    Georg Gramse

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  1. Javier Martín-Sánchez
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Martín-Sánchez, J., Mariscal, A., De Luca, M. et al. Effects of dielectric stoichiometry on the photoluminescence properties of encapsulated WSe2 monolayers. Nano Res. 11, 1399–1414 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1755-4

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