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Multivariate statistics and entropy theory for irrigation water quality and entropy-weighted index development in a subtropical urban river, Bangladesh

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Abstract

Currently, a well-developed combination of irrigation water quality index (IWQIs) and entropy water quality index (EWQIs) for surface water appraisal in a polluted subtropical urban river is very scarce in the literature. To close this gap, we developed IWQIs by establishing statistics-based weights of variables recommended by FAO 29 standard value using the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) compared with the proposed EWQIs based on information entropy in the Dhaleshwari River, Bangladesh. Fifty surface water samples were collected from five sampling locations during the dry and wet seasons and analyzed for sixteen variables. Principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), Moran’s spatial autocorrelation, and random forest (RF) model were employed in the datasets. Weights were allocated for primary variables to compute IWQI-1, 2 and EWQI-1, 2, respectively. The resultant IWQIs showed a similar trend with EWQIs and revealed poor to good quality water, with IWQI-1 for the dry season and IWQI-2 for the wet season is further suggested. The entropy theory recognized that Mg2+, Cr, TDS, and Cl− for the dry season and Cd, Cr, Cl−, and SO42− for the wet season are the major contaminants that affect irrigation water quality. The primary input variables were lessened to ultimately shortlisted ten variables, which revealed good performance in demonstrating water quality status since weights have come effectively from PCA than FA. The results of the RF model depict NO3−, Mg2+, and Cr as the most predominant variables influencing surface water quality. A significant dispersed pattern was detected for IWQImin-3 in the wet season (Moran’s I>0). Overall, both IWQIs and EWQIs will generate water quality control cost-effective, completely objective to establish a scientific basis of sustainable water management in the study basin.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for improving quality of the paper. This work has been carried out under the institutional Research and Development (R and D) project entitled “Evaluation of the level of toxic elements in water, soil and plants and their impacts on human health and environment” approved by the authority of Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh (Reference No.: 39.02.0000.011.14.128.2020/636, Date: 29.12.2020, Serial No. 72, Unit Code: INARS-03) in the financial year of 2020-2021. The authors are grateful to the authority of the Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh, for providing analytical laboratory facilities, and other logistic and technical supports to conduct this research work.

Funding

This work is funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University through Research Group under grant number (R.G.P.2 /194/42).

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Author notes

  1. Md Abu Bakar Siddique and Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh

    Md Abu Bakar Siddique & Md Ahedul Akbor

  2. Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, 5400, Bangladesh

    Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam, Md Hasanuzzaman & Md Wasiq Mamun Sajid

  3. Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh

    Md Saddam Hossain & Md Younus Mia

  4. Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh

    Rahat Khan

  5. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha, 61411, Saudi Arabia

    Javed Mallick

  6. Water Quality Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh

    M. Safiur Rahman

  7. Department of Environmental Science, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh

    Md Mostafizur Rahman

  8. Climate Change Programme, BRAC Centre, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh

    Md Bodrud-Doza

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  1. Md Abu Bakar Siddique
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Contributions

A.R.M.T.I., M.A.B.S., and M.H. designed, planned, conceptualized, and drafted the original manuscript; R.K., M.W.M.S., and M.B. were involved in statistical analysis and interpretation; M.A.B.S., A.R.M.T.I., M.M.R., and M.A.A. contributed instrumental setup, data analysis, validation; A.R.M.T., M.S.R., M.S.H., and M.H. contributed to editing the manuscript, literature review, and proofreading; M.A.B.S., M.Y.M., J.M., and A.R.M. T.I. were involved in software, mapping, and proofreading during the manuscript drafting stage.

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Correspondence to Md Abu Bakar Siddique, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam or Javed Mallick.

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Siddique, .A.B., Islam, A.R.M.T., Hossain, M.S. et al. Multivariate statistics and entropy theory for irrigation water quality and entropy-weighted index development in a subtropical urban river, Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 8577–8596 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16343-7

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