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Groundwater quality evaluation using Shannon information theory and human health risk assessment in Yazd province, central plateau of Iran

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Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the quality of groundwater in the most arid province of Iran, Yazd. It is highly dependent on groundwater resources to meet the domestic, industrial, and agricultural water demand. Position of water samples on the modified Gibbs diagram demonstrates that the interaction with silicates and the increase in direct cation exchange are responsible for the increased salinity of groundwater. Based on entropy theory, the decreasing order of importance of variables in controlling groundwater chemistry is Fe > As > Ba > Hg > NO2 > Pb > K > Cl > Na > Mg > SO4 > NO3 > HCO3 > Ca. The results of entropy weighted water quality index (EWWQI) calculation show that about 34 and 32% of 206 samples in the wet and dry seasons, respectively, are classified as extremely poor quality (ranks 4 and 5). Approximately 60 and 55% of 206 samples in wet and dry seasons, respectively, have excellent, good, and medium quality (ranks 1, 2, and 3). The non-carcinogenic human health risk (NHHR) from intake and dermal contact pathways using deterministic approach show that 36 and 17 samples in both seasons are not suitable for drinking by children. Furthermore, 9 and 2 samples are not suitable for drinking by adults. The results show that children are more vulnerable than adults to these health risks. The non-carcinogenic risks through dermal contact were negligible.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

    Vahab Amiri

  2. Deputy for Technology Innovation and Commercialization Development, VPST, Tehran, Iran

    Salahaddin Kamrani

  3. Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

    Salahaddin Kamrani

  4. SIBELCO Ankerpoort NV, Op de Bos 300, EP, 6223, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Arslan Ahmad

  5. KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands

    Arslan Ahmad & Prosun Bhattacharya

  6. Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Arslan Ahmad

  7. KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Research Group, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE-10044, Stockholm, Sweden

    Prosun Bhattacharya

  8. Yazd Regional Water Authority, Ministry of Energy, Yazd, Iran

    Javad Mansoori

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Amiri, V., Kamrani, S., Ahmad, A. et al. Groundwater quality evaluation using Shannon information theory and human health risk assessment in Yazd province, central plateau of Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 1108–1130 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10362-6

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