Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stress which severely limits plant growth and reduces crop productivity across the world. In the present study, the effects of exogenous pyridoxal-5-phosphate (vitamin B6, VB6) on seedling growth and development of wheat under salt stress were investigated. The results showed that exogenous application of pyridoxal-5-phosphate (VB6) significantly increased the RWC, biomass, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, proline, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), together with decreasing the content of Malondiadehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in wheat leaves under salt stress. Meanwhile, the transcript level of P5CR, P5CS, SOD, TaSOS1 and TaSOS4 were also up-regulated after treatment with pyridoxal-5-phosphate. VB6 acts as a signal in regulating the activities of plant antioxidant enzymes and SOS pathway to improve resistance to salt stress. The current study results may give an insight into the regulatory roles of VB6 in improving salt stress and VB6 could be an easily and effective method to improve salt-stress tolerance to wheat in the field condition. It is urgency to understand the molecular mechanism of VB6 to enhance the salt tolerance of wheat in the next work.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almansouri, M., Kinet, J.M., Lutts, S. 2001. Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Plant Soil 231(2):243–254.
Arfan, M., Athar, H.R., Ashraf, M. 2007. Does exogenous application of salicylic acid through the rooting medium modulate growth and photosynthetic capacity in two differently adapted spring wheat cultivars under salt stress? J. Plant Physiol. 164(6):685–694.
Arzani, A. 2008. Improving salinity tolerance in crop plants: a biotechnological view. In Vitro Cell. Dev.-Pl. 44(5):373–383.
Ashraf, M., Foolad, M.R. 2013. Crop breeding for salt tolerance in the era of molecular markers and marker-assisted selection. Plant Breeding 132(1):10–20.
Askari, H., Edqvist, J., Hajheidari, M., Kafi, M., Salekdeh, G.H. 2006. Effects of salinity levels on proteome of Suaeda aegyptiaca leaves. Proteomics 6(8):2542–2554.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P., Teare, I.D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39(1):205–207.
Bhardwaj, M., Maekawa, F., Niimura, Y., Macer, D.R.J. 2010. Ethics in food and agriculture: views from fao. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 38(5):565–577.
Brini, F., Hanin, M., Mezghani, I., Berkowitz, G.A., Masmoudi, K. 2007. Overexpression of wheat Na+/H+ antiporter TNHX1 and H+-pyrophosphatase TVP1 improve salt- and drought-stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. J. Exp. Bot. 58(2):301–308.
Cakmak, I., Horst, W.J. 1991. Effect of aluminum on lipid-peroxidation, superoxide-dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase-activities in root-tips of soybean (glycine-max). Physiol. Plantarum 83(3):463–468.
Chen, L.H., Zhang, B., Xu, Z.Q. 2008. Salt tolerance conferred by overexpression of Arabidopsis vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene AtNHX1 in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Transgenic Res. 17(1):121–132.
Dong, Y.J., Wang, W.W., Hu, G.Q., Chen, W.F., Zhuge, Y., Wang Z.L., He, M.R. 2017. Role of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide in enhancing the salt tolerance of wheat seedlings. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 17(3):554–569.
Egamberdieva, D. 2009. Alleviation of salt stress by plant growth regulators and IAA producing bacteria in wheat. Acta Physiol. Plant. 31(4):861–864.
El-Hendawy, S.E., Hu, Y.C., Schmidhalter, U. 2005. Growth, ion content, gas exchange, and water relations of wheat genotypes differing in salt tolerances. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 56(2):123–134.
El-Sayed, O.M., El-Gammal, O.H.M., Salama, A.S.M. 2014. Effect of ascorbic acid, proline and jasmonic acid foliar spraying on fruit set and yield of Manzanillo olive trees under salt stress. Sci. Hortic.-Amsterdam 176:32–37.
Giannopolitis, C.N., Ries, S.K. 1977. Superoxide dismutases 1. Occurrence in higher plants. Plant Physiol. 59(2):309–314.
Gururani, M.A., Upadhyaya, C.P., Baskar, V., Venkatesh, J., Nookaraju, A., Park, S.W. 2013. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance abiotic stress tolerance in Solanum tuberosum through inducing changes in the expression of ROS-scavenging enzymes and improved photosynthetic performance. J. Plant Growth Regul. 32(2):245–258.
Hasanuzzaman, M., Hossain, M.A., Fujita, M. 2011. Nitric oxide modulates antioxidant defense and the methylglyoxal detoxification system and reduces salinity-induced damage of wheat seedlings. Plant Biotechnol. Rep. 5(4):353–365.
Herrero, S., Daub, M.E. 2007. Genetic manipulation of Vitamin B-6 biosynthesis in tobacco and fungi uncovers limitations to up-regulation of the pathway. Plant Sci. 172(3):609–620.
Jisha, K.C., Vijayakumari, K., Puthur, J.T. 2013. Seed priming for abiotic stress tolerance: an overview. Acta Physiol. Plant. 35(5):1381–1396.
Kochba, J., Lavee, S., Spiegelroy, P. 1977. Differences in peroxidase-activity and isoenzymes in embryogenic and non-embryogenic Shamouti orange ovular callus lines. Plant Cell Physiol. 18(2):463–467.
Li, B., Wang, Z.C., Sun, Z.G., Chen, Y., Yang, F. 2005. Resources and sustainable resource exploitation of salinized land in China. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas 23(2):154–158.
Li, J., Sun, C.Y., Yu, N., Wang, C., Zhang, T.T., Bu, H.Y. 2016. Hexaconazole-Cu complex improves the salt tolerance of Triticum aestivum seedlings. Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 127:90–94.
Mahajan, S., Pandey, G.K., Tuteja, N. 2008. Calcium- and salt-stress signaling in plants: Shedding light on SOS pathway. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 471(2):146–158.
Mooney, S., Hellmann, H. 2010. Vitamin B6: Killing two birds with one stone? Phytochemistry 71(5–6): 495–501.
Moradi, F., Ismail, A.M. 2007. Responses of photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and ROS-scavenging systems to salt stress during seedling and reproductive stages in rice. Ann. Bot.-London 99(6):1161–1173.
Munns, R., Gilliham, M. 2015. Salinity tolerance of crops – what is the cost? New Phytol. 208(3):668–673.
Munns, R., Wallace, P.A., Teakle, N.L., Colmer, T.D. 2010. Measuring soluble ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Cl–) in salt-treated plants. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 639:371–382.
Porcel, R., Azcon, R., Ruiz-Lozano, J.M. 2004. Evaluation of the role of genes encoding for Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) during drought stress in arbuscular mycorrhizal glycine max and Lactuca sativa plants. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 65(4):211–221.
Qiu, Z., Guo, J., Zhu, A., Zhang, L., Zhang, M. 2014. Exogenous jasmonic acid can enhance tolerance of wheat seedlings to salt stress. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 104:202–208.
Ramezani, A., Niazi, A., Abolimoghadam, A.A., Babgohari, M.Z., Deihimi, T., Ebrahimi, M., Akhtardanesh, H., Ebrahimie, E. 2013. Quantitative expression analysis of TaSOS1 and TaSOS4 genes in cultivated and wild wheat plants under salt stress. Mol. Biotechnol. 53(2):189–197.
Rao, K.V.M., Sresty, T.V.S. 2000. Antioxidative parameters in the seedlings of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh) in response to Zn and Ni stresses. Plant Sci. 157(1):113–128.
Seckin, B., Sekmen, A.H., Turkan, I. 2009. An enhancing effect of exogenous mannitol on the antioxidant enzyme activities in roots of wheat under salt stress. J. Plant Growth Regul. 28(1):12–20.
Shalata, A., Neumann, P.M. 2001. Exogenous ascorbic acid (vitamin C) increases resistance to salt stress and reduces lipid peroxidation. J. Exp. Bot. 52(364):2207–2211.
Shi, H.Z., Lee, B.H., Wu, S.J., Zhu, J.K. 2003. Overexpression of a plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter gene improves salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat. Biotechnol. 21(1):81–85.
Shi, S.Y., Wang, G., Wang, Y.D., Zhang, L.G., Zhang, L.X. 2005. Protective effect of nitric oxide against oxidative stress under ultraviolet-B radiation. Nitric Oxide-Biol. Ch. 13(1):1–9.
Song, Y.L., Dong, Y.J., Tian, X.Y., Kong, J., Bai, X.Y., Xu, L.L., He, Z.L. 2016. Role of foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide in response of peanut seedlings to iron deficiency. Biol. Plantarum 60(2):329–342.
Talaat, N.B., Shawky, B.T. 2014. Protective effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants exposed to salinity. Environ. Exp. Bot. 98:20–31.
Tambasco-Studart, M., Titiz, O., Raschle, T., Forster, G., Amrhein, N., Fitzpatrick, T.B. 2005. Vitamin B6 biosynthesis in higher plants. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102(38):13687–13692.
Titiz, O., Tambasco-Studart, M., Warzych, E., Apel, K., Amrhein, N., Laloi, C., Fitzpatrick, T.B. 2006. PDX1 is essential for vitamin B6 biosynthesis, development and stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 48(6):933–946.
Wang, H.B., Liu, D.C., Liu, C.G., Zhang, A.M. 2004. The pyridoxal kinase gene TaPdxK from wheat complements vitamin B-6 synthesis-defective Escherichia coli. J. Plant Physiol. 161(9):1053–1060.
Wang, J.L., Huang, X.J., Zhong, T.Y., Chen, Z.G. 2011. Review on sustainable utilization of salt-affected land. Acta Geographica Sinica 66 (5):673–684.
Xu, H.X., Jiang, X.Y., Zhan, K.H., Cheng, X.Y., Chen, X.J., Pardo, J.M., Cui, D.Q. 2008. Functional characterization of a wheat plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter in yeast. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 473(1):8–15.
Zhang, M., Huang, H., Dai, S.L. 2014. Isolation and expression analysis of proline metabolism-related genes in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium. Gene 537(2):203–213.
Zhang, S.W., Gan, Y.T., Xu, B.L. 2016. Application of plant-growth-promoting fungi Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 enhances tolerance of wheat to salt stress through improvement of antioxidative defense system and gene expression. Front. Plant. Sci. 7.
Zou, P., Li, K.C., Liu, S., Xing, R.G., Qin, Y.K., Yu, H.H., Zhou, M.M., Li, P.C. 2015. Effect of chitooligosaccharides with different degrees of acetylation on wheat seedlings under salt stress. Carbohyd. Polym. 126:62–69.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Communicated by A. Goyal
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, R., Zhang, Q.N., Lu, J. et al. The Effects of Exogenous Pyridoxal-5-phosphate on Seedling Growth and Development of Wheat under Salt Stress. CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 47, 442–454 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1556/0806.47.2019.22
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/0806.47.2019.22