Summary
More than a century ago it was discovered that the Earth is bombarded by a penetrating radiation of cosmic origin, whose flux was later found to be dominated by charged particles. The discovery of cosmic rays led to many questions about their origin and about the way that they reach us from large distances. Here I will summarize some recent developments in our understanding of the acceleration mechanisms that energize a small number of thermal particles to highly non-thermal energies, with special attention on diffusive acceleration at supernova remnant shocks.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Krymskii G. F., Akad. Nauk SSSR Dokl., 234 (1977) 1306.
Blandford R. D. and Ostriker J. P., Astrophys. J., 221 (1978) L29.
Axford W. I., Leer E. and Skadron G., The acceleration of cosmic rays by shock waves, in Proceedings of the 15th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. 11 (Central Research Institute for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) 1977, pp. 132–137.
Bell A. R., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 182 (1978) 147.
Bell A. R., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 182 (1978) 443.
Fermi E., Phys. Rev., 75 (1949) 1169.
Fermi E., Astrophys. J., 119 (1954) 1.
Drury L. O. and Voelk J. H., Astrophys. J., 248 (1981) 344.
Ellison D. C. and Eichler D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 55 (1985) 2735.
Bell A. R., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 225 (1987) 615.
Lagage P. O. and Cesarsky C. J., Astron. Astrophys., 125 (1983) 249.
Lagage P. O. and Cesarsky C. J., Astron. Astrophys., 118 (1983) 223.
Blandford R. and Eichler D., Phys. Rep., 154 (1987) 1.
Blasi P., Astron. Astrophys. Rev., 21 (2013) 70.
Malkov M. and Drury L., Rep. Prog. Phys., 64 (2001) 429.
Kulsrud R. and Pearce W. P., Astrophys. J., 156 (1969) 445.
Bell A. R., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 353 (2004) 550.
Bell A. R., Schure K. M., Reville B. and Giacinti G., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 431 (2013) 415.
Caprioli D., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys., 05 (2011) 026.
Caprioli D., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys., 07 (2012) 038.
Blasi P., Galaxies, 7 (2019) 64.
Caprioli D. and Spitkovsky A., Astrophys. J., 783 (2014) 91.
Caprioli D. and Spitkovsky A., Astrophys. J., 794 (2014) 46.
Caprioli D. and Spitkovsky A., Astrophys. J., 794 (2014) 47.
Aharonian F., Yang R. and de Oña Wilhelmi E., Nat. Astron., 3 (2019) 561.
Casse M. and Paul J. A., Astrophys. J., 237 (1980) 236.
Cesarsky C. J. and Montmerle T., Space Sci. Rev., 36 (1983) 173.
Aguilar M. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 120 (2018) 021101.
Evoli C., Blasi P., Morlino G. and Aloisio R., Phys. Rev. Lett., 121 (2018) 021102.
McKee C. F. and Truelove J. K., Phys. Rep., 256 (1995) 157.
Lopez L. A., Ramirez-Ruiz E., Huppenkothen D., Badenes C. and Pooley D. A., Astrophys. J., 732 (2011) 114.
Aharonian F. et al., Astron. Astrophys., 464 (2007) 235.
Uchiyama Y., Takahashi T. and Aharonian F. A., Pub. Astron. Soc. Jpn., 54 (2002) L73.
Warren J. S., Hughes J. P., Badenes C., Ghavamian P., McKee C. F., Moffett D., Plucinsky P. P., Rakowski C., Reynoso E. and Slane P., Astrophys. J., 634 (2005) 376.
Spitzer L., Physics of fully ionized gases (John Wiley & Sons) 1962.
Treumann R. A., Astron. Astrophys. Rev., 17 (2009) 409.
Park J., Caprioli D. and Spitkovsky A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 114 (2015) 085003.
Ellison D. C., Patnaude D. J., Slane P., Blasi P. and Gabici S., Astrophys. J., 661 (2007) 879.
Caprioli D., Pop A. R. and Spitkovsky A., Astrophys. J. Lett., 798 (2015) L28.
Spitkovsky A., Astrophys. J., 673 (2008) L39.
Spitkovsky A., Astrophys. J., 682 (2008) L5.
Sironi L. and Spitkovsky A., Astrophys. J., 726 (2011) 75.
Gargaté L. and Spitkovsky A., Astrophys. J., 744 (2012) 67.
Jokipii J. R. and Parker E. N., Astrophys. J., 155 (1969) 799.
Jokipii J. R. and Parker E. N., Astrophys. J., 155 (1969) 777.
Goldreich P. and Sridhar S., Astrophys. J., 438 (1995) 763.
Matthaeus W. H., Qin G., Bieber J. W. and Zank G. P., Astrophys. J., 590 (2003) L53.
Shalchi A., Büsching I., Lazarian A. and Schlickeiser R., Astrophys. J., 725 (2010) 2117.
Hussein M., Tautz R. C. and Shalchi A., J. Geophys. Res. (Space Phys.), 120 (2015) 4095.
Amato E. and Blasi P., Adv. Space Res., 62 (2018) 2731.
Blasi P., arXiv e-prints (2019).
Skilling J., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 172 (1975) 557.
Malkov M. A., Phys. Rev. E, 58 (1998) 4911.
Gieseler U. D. J., Jones T. W. and Kang H., Astron. Astrophys., 364 (2000) 911.
Blasi P., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 471 (2017) 1662.
Cristofari P. and Blasi P., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 489 (2019) 108.
Bresci V., Amato E., Blasi P. and Morlino G., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 488 (2019) 2068.
Drury L., Space Sci. Rev., 36 (1983) 57.
Blasi P., Amato E. and Caprioli D., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 375 (2007) 1471.
Jokipii J. R., Astrophys. J., 255 (1982) 716.
Jokipii J. R., Astrophys. J., 313 (1987) 842.
Giacalone J., Astrophys. J., 624 (2005) 765.
Giacalone J., Space Sci. Rev., 176 (2013) 73.
Vink J., Astron. Astrophys. Rev., 20 (2012) 49.
Ballet J., Adv. Space Res., 37 (2006) 1902.
Caprioli D., Blasi P., Amato E. and Vietri M., Astrophys. J., 679 (2008) L139.
Caprioli D., Blasi P., Amato E. and Vietri M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 395 (2009) 895.
Drury L. O. and Voelk J. H., Astrophys. J., 248 (1981) 344.
Axford W. I., Leer E. and McKenzie J. F., Astron. Astrophys., 111 (1982) 317.
Berezhko E. G. and Ellison D. C., Astrophys. J., 526 (1999) 385.
Berezhko E. G., Yelshin V. K. and Ksenofontov L. T., Astropart. Phys., 2 (1994) 215.
Berezhko E. G. and Völk H. J., Astropart. Phys., 7 (1997) 183.
Malkov M. A., Astrophys. J., 511 (1999) L53.
Blasi P., Astropart. Phys., 16 (2002) 429.
Caprioli D., Blasi P. and Amato E., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 396 (2009) 2065.
Caprioli D., Blasi P. and Amato E., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 396 (2009) 2065.
Berezhko E. G. and Völk H. J., Astron. Astrophys., 357 (2000) 283.
Zirakashvili V. N. and Ptuskin V. S., Astropart. Phys., 39 (2012) 12.
Ellison D. C. and Eichler D., Astrophys. J., 286 (1984) 691.
Knerr J. M., Jokipii J. R. and Ellison D. C., Astrophys. J., 458 (1996) 641.
Vladimirov A. E., Bykov A. M. and Ellison D. C., Astrophys. J., 688 (2008) 1084.
Malkov M. A., Astrophys. J., 485 (1997) 638.
Blasi P., Astropart. Phys., 21 (2004) 45.
Amato E. and Blasi P., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. Lett., 364 (2005) L76.
Amato E. and Blasi P., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 371 (2006) 1251.
Caprioli D., Kang H., Vladimirov A. E. and Jones T. W., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 407 (2010) 1773.
Blasi P., Gabici S. and Vannoni G., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 361 (2005) 907.
Giacalone J. and Jokipii J. R., Astrophys. J., 663 (2007) L41.
Sano T., Nishihara K., Matsuoka C. and Inoue T., Astrophys. J., 758 (2012) 126.
Schure K. M., Bell A. R., Drury L. O. and Bykov A. M., Space Sci. Rev., 173 (2012) 491.
Morlino G., Amato E., Blasi P. and Caprioli D., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 405 (2010) L21.
Skilling J., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 173 (1975) 245.
Zweibel E. G., AIP Conf. Proc., 56 (1979) 319.
Achterberg A., Astron. Astrophys., 119 (1983) 274.
Krall N. A. and Trivelpiece A. W., Principles of plasma physics (San Francisco Press) 1973.
Bell A. R., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 358 (2005) 181.
Riquelme M. A. and Spitkovsky A., Astrophys. J., 694 (2009) 626.
Reville B. and Bell A. R., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 419 (2012) 2433.
Caprioli D. and Spitkovsky A., Astrophys. J., 765 (2013) L20.
Reville B. and Bell A. R., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 430 (2013) 2873.
Cardillo M., Amato E. and Blasi P., Astropart. Phys., 69 (2015) 1.
Tang X. and Chevalier R. A., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 465 (2017) 3793.
Meyer J. P., Drury L. O. and Ellison D. C., Astrophys. J., 487 (1997) 182.
Caprioli D., Yi D. T. and Spitkovsky A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 119 (2017) 171101.
Diesing R. and Caprioli D., arXiv: 1905.07414 (2019).
Drury L. O., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 415 (2011) 1807.
Caprioli D., Amato E. and Blasi P., Astropart. Phys., 33 (2010) 160. URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2010.01.002.
Ptuskin V., Zirakashvili V. and Seo E. S., Astrophys. J., 718 (2010) 31.
Chevalier R. A. and Fransson C., Astrophys. J., 651 (2006) 381.
Bell A. R., Schure K. M. and Reville B., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 418 (2011) 1208.
Berezhko E. G. and Völk H. J., Astrophys. J., 661 (2007) L175.
Ptuskin V., J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 47 (2006) 113.
Blasi P. and Amato E., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys., 01 (2012) 011.
Schure K. M. and Bell A. R., arXiv:astro-ph.HE (2013). URL http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.6575v1
Bell A. R., Matthews J. H. and Blundell K. M., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 488 (2019) 2466.
Blasi P., Morlino G., Bandiera R., Amato E. and Caprioli D., Astrophys. J., 755 (2012) 121.
Aharonian F. A. et al., Nature, 432 (2004) 75.
Aharonian F. et al., Astron. Astrophys., 449 (2006) 223.
Abdo A. A. et al., Astrophys. J., 734 (2011) 28.
Morlino G., Amato E. and Blasi P., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 392 (2009) 240.
Katsuda S., Acero F., Tominaga N., Fukui Y., Hiraga J. S., Koyama K., Lee S. H., Mori K., Nagataki S., Ohira Y., Petre R., Sano H., Takeuchi Y., Tamagawa T., Tsuji N., Tsunemi H. and Uchiyama Y., Astrophys. J., 814 (2015) 29.
Ellison D. C., Patnaude D. J., Slane P. and Raymond J., Astrophys. J., 712 (2010) 287.
Fukui Y., Sano H., Sato J., Torii K., Horachi H., Hayakawa T., McClure-Griffiths N. M., Rowell G., Inoue T., Inutsuka S., Kawamura A., Yamamoto H., Okuda T., Mizuno N., Onishi T., Mizuno A. and Ogawa H., Astrophys. J., 746 (2012) 82.
Celli S., Morlino G., Gabici S. and Aharonian F. A., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 487 (2019) 3199.
Giordano F., Naumann-Godo M., Ballet J., Bechtol K., Funk S., Lande J., Mazziotta M. N., Rainò S., Tanaka T., Tibolla O. and Uchiyama Y., Astrophys. J., 744 (2012) L2.
Acciari V. A. et al., Astrophys. J., 730 (2011) L20.
Morlino G. and Caprioli D., Astron. Astrophys., 538 (2012) 81.
Berezhko E. G., Ksenofontov L. T. and Völk H. J., Astrophys. J., 763 (2013) 14.
Morlino G. and Blasi P., Astron. Astrophys., 589 (2016) A7.
Cassam-Chenaï G., Hughes J. P., Ballet J. and Decourchelle A., Astrophys. J., 665 (2007) 315.
Giuliani A. et al., Astrophys. J., 742 (2011) L30.
Giuliani A. et al., Astron. Astrophys., 516 (2010) L11.
Abdo A. A. et al., Astrophys. J., 718 (2010) 348.
Ackermann M. et al., Science, 339 (2013) 807.
Abdo A. A. et al., Astrophys. J., 712 (2010) 459.
Abdo A. A. et al., Science, 327 (2010) 1103.
Abdo A. A. et al., Astrophys. J., 706 (2009) L1.
Hewitt J. W., Yusef-Zadeh F. and Wardle M., Astrophys. J., 706 (2009) L270.
Blandford R. D. and Cowie L. L., Astrophys. J., 260 (1982) 625.
Cardillo M., Amato E. and Blasi P., Astron. Astrophys., 595 (2016) A58.
Gabici S., Aharonian F. A. and Blasi P., Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser., 309 (2007) 365.
Gabici S., Aharonian F. A. and Casanova S., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 396 (2009) 1629.
Rodriguez Marrero A. Y., Torres D. F., de Cea del Pozo E., Reimer O. and Cillis A. N., Astrophys. J., 689 (2008) 213.
Malkov M. A., Diamond P. H., Sagdeev R. Z., Aharonian F. A. and Moskalenko I. V., Astrophys. J., 768 (2013) 73.
Nava L., Gabici S., Marcowith A., Morlino G. and Ptuskin V. S., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 461 (2016) 3552.
Ptuskin V. S., Zirakashvili V. N. and Plesser A. A., Adv. Space Res., 42 (2008) 486.
Nava L., Recchia S., Gabici S., Marcowith A., Brahimi L. and Ptuskin V., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 484 (2019) 2684.
D’Angelo M., Morlino G., Amato E. and Blasi P., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 474 (2018) 1944.
Abeysekara A. U. et al., Science, 358 (2017) 911.
Chevalier R. A. and Raymond J. C., Astrophys. J., 225 (1978) L27.
Chevalier R. A., Kirshner R. P. and Raymond J. C., Astrophys. J., 235 (1980) 186.
Heng K., PASA, 27 (2010) 23.
Ghavamian P., Schwartz S. J., Mitchell J., Masters A. and Laming J. M., Space Sci. Rev., 178 (2013) 633.
Morlino G., Bandiera R., Blasi P. and Amato E., Astrophys. J., 760 (2012) 137.
Morlino G., Blasi P., Bandiera R., Amato E. and Caprioli D., Astrophys. J., 768 (2013) 148.
Ghavamian P., Raymond J., Hartigan P. and Blair W. P., Astrophys. J., 535 (2000) 266.
KneŽevic S., Lásker R., van de Ven G., Font J., Raymond J. C., Bailer-Jones C. A. L., Beckman J., Morlino G., Ghavamian P., Hughes J. P. and Heng K., Astrophys. J., 846 (2017) 167.
Helder E. A., Kosenko D. and Vink J., Astrophys. J. Lett., 719 (2010) L140.
Helder E. A., Kosenko D. and Vink J., Astrophys. J. Lett., 737 (2011) L46.
Helder E. A., Vink J., Bassa C. G., Bamba A., Bleeker J. A. M., Funk S., Ghavamian P., Heyden K. J. V. D., Verbunt F. and Yamazaki R., Science, 325 (2009) 719.
Morlino G., Blasi P., Bandiera R. and Amato E., Astron. Astrophys., 558 (2013) A25.
Morlino G., Blasi P., Bandiera R. and Amato E., Astron. Astrophys., 557 (2013) A142.
Nikolić S., van de Ven G., Heng K., Kupko D., Husemann B., Raymond J. C., Hughes J. P. and Falcón-Barroso J., Science, 340 (2013) 45.
Sollerman J., Ghavamian P., Lundqvist P. and Smith R. C., Astron. Astrophys., 407 (2003) 249.
Aharonian F. A., Astropart. Phys., 43 (2013) 71.
Brandt T. J., Acero F., de Palma F., Hewitt J. W., Renaud M. and for the Fermi LAT Collaboration, ArXiv e-prints (2013).
Brandt T. J., Ballet J., de Palma F., Johannesson G., Tibaldo L. and for the Fermi-LAT Collaboration, ArXiv e-prints (2013).
Holder J., Astropart. Phys., 39 (2012) 61.
Völk H. J., Berezhko E. G. and Ksenofontov L. T., Astron. Astrophys., 433 (2005) 229.
Heng K., Publ. Astron. Soc. Australia, 27 (2010) 23.
Morlino G., Blasi P., Bandiera R. and Amato E., Astron. Astrophys., 562 (2014) A141.
Acharya B. S. et al., Astropart. Phys., 43 (2013) 3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Blasi, P. Acceleration of galactic cosmic rays. Riv. Nuovo Cim. 42, 549–600 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1393/ncr/i2019-10166-0
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1393/ncr/i2019-10166-0