Abstract
Background
Obesity is a major risk factor for chronic diseases. Politicians and practitioners should be aware of the dramatic increase in obesity and its subsequent complications to prevent associated health risks. This systematic review aimed to provide better insight into the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Iranian population.
Method
An evaluation was conducted on all published observational studies from both national (SID, Irandoc, Iranmedex) and international (Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus) sources, which reported the prevalence of overweight/obesity among normal population samples, between January 2012 and December 2021.
Result
A total of 152 eligible studies were included in this meta-analysis. Of the 152 selected studies, 74 reported the prevalence of overweight/obesity in patients aged ≤ 18 years, and 61 studies in adults. In the rest of the articles (17 studies), the results were reported for a combination of these age groups. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Iran was estimated at 20.1 (95% CI 17.92–22.30) and 13.44 (95% CI 11.76–15.22), respectively. This percentage (95% CI) was 11.71 (10.98–12.46) for overweight and 8.08 (7.02–9.22) for obesity in those aged ≤ 18 years, and 35.26 (32.61–37.99) for overweight and 21.38 (19.61–23.20) for obesity in those aged > 18 years. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in the entire population was 35.09% (95% CI 31.31–38.98).
Conclusion
As obesity is on the rise in Iran, we should seek both weight loss strategies and ways to control comorbidities associated with high BMI.
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Introduction
Obesity, one of the most significant public health concerns in the world, is physiologically characterized by the abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat within adipose tissue, which may cause serious health issues [1]. Globally, body mass index (BMI) is the most commonly used practical indicator of overweight and obesity [1]. There is growing evidence that obesity and overweight are increasing worldwide [2], with substantial differences in prevalence levels and trends between countries. The problem of excessive weight not only affects adults, but has also become a concern among children, even in developing countries [2].
It has been suggested that the increasing prevalence of obesity can be attributed to lifestyle changes, particularly dietary habits, and inadequate physical activity in both rural and urban settings [1]. Some ethnic dimensions can also contribute to obesity, including genetics, eating patterns, and socioeconomic status [1, 3].
Several studies have shown that obesity increases the risk of chronic and life-threatening illnesses, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and sleep apnea, and reduces life expectancy by approximately 7 years [4, 5]. According to the 2015 global burden of disease estimates, increased weight was responsible for at least 4.0 million deaths (7.1% of all deaths) and 120 million disability-adjusted life years (4.9% of all disability-adjusted life years) [6]. Moreover, we will face a major health problem in the near future due to obesity-related comorbid disorders that will require massive funding. At the same time, we will have limited resources [7, 8]. Thus, prevention and control of this risk factor is a public health priority, especially in developing countries such as Iran. To implement programs for primordial and primary prevention of noncommunicable diseases, health policymakers at national and international levels require insights into the prevalence of overweight and obesity.
Our meta-analysis represents a novel approach to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Iran. Although previous meta-analyses have focused on specific age or sex groups, none have investigated the prevalence of obesity in the entire Iranian population. To address this gap, our study took advantage of all available data on the topic, examining age and geographical distribution and using the most recently published reports from 2012 to 2021, which ensures that the results are accurate and up to date. By providing a more comprehensive analysis of obesity in Iran, our study offers new insights into the prevalence and distribution of obesity in the country. These findings have important implications for public health policies and practices in Iran, particularly for developing effective prevention and management strategies for the general population.
Methods
Throughout this systematic review and meta-analysis, we collected all relevant studies reporting the prevalence of obesity and overweight among the normal population across all regions of Iran. In the following sections, we discuss the strategy of this study in detail.
Search strategy
A medical information specialist and review team collaboratively designed the electronic search strategies. We searched in English databases; Scopus, ISI web of Sciences, PubMed, and Google scholar and also in Persian databases; IranMedex, Scientific Information System (SID), and Irandoc collect all related studies, during the time period January 2012 through December 2021. The titles, keywords, and abstracts of all databases were evaluated. The medical subject headings (MESH) were: “overweight”, “obesity”, “Iran”, “body mass index”, and “prevalence” for searching in English databases, and for searching Persian databases, the equivalent Persian-language terms were used as well. In addition, a manual search was conducted to identify articles that were not found through an electronic search. Figure 1 illustrates the study selection process. The systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISM) Statement [9]. Code of pre-registration of the systematic review and meta-analysis protocols in PROSPERO is 392744.
PRISMA flow diagram for selection process of the studies
Study selection
All related population-based studies, including national, provincial, and local surveys, were included, regardless of age or sex restrictions. We considered studies that (i) had an observational design, (ii) reported the prevalence of overweight and/or obesity, and (iii) used BMI as an indicator of overweight and obesity. In contrast, clinical trials, reviews, editorials, studies on nonhuman models, and those without access to the full text were excluded.
The extracted data of children and adults were recorded in two separate Excel sheets (Microsoft Office package 2010), including the name of the first author, year of publication, data collection, study design, study region, age of participants, number of sample sizes (total and sex), definition of obesity and overweight, and the reported prevalence of overweight/obesity.
Data extraction and quality assessment
During the first and second steps, the titles and abstracts of the studies were assessed to determine whether they met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Abstracts that were insufficient were then reviewed by reading their full texts. Since BMI as a conventional variable has been evaluated in many studies, we searched the full texts to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight, even in cases where obesity or overweight was not the primary objective. Two researchers (BA and SM) independently performed all procedures. When there was no agreement, a consensus was reached through debate. Otherwise, a third expert reviewer (ARA) was asked to make a decision.
The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of observational studies [10]. The data extraction and quality assessments are presented in Table 1.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using Stata, version 17.0 (Stata Crop, College Station, TX, USA). Random effect models were used to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Heterogeneity among the studies was evaluated using I2 and Q2 statistics. Subgroup analyses were performed by age group (≤ 18 or > 18 years) to identify any alteration in the results of the study. We used meta-regression to evaluate the relationship between the year of data collection and year of publication, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity.
Results
By conducting a primary search of the keywords associated with our topic, we found 3176 full-text articles. Among them, 1982 articles were obtained from English databases, and the rest were from Persian databases. After excluding overlapping studies and considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria in two separate steps (title and abstract review), we selected 152 (74 for ≤ 18 years, 61 for > 18 years, and 17 for combination of age groups) qualified studies for inclusion in our review. Figure 1 provides a summary of the primary research results and the process of selecting the appropriate studies.
This meta-analysis included 152 articles and 2,456,489 participants in total [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160] (Table 1). The sample size of these articles varied between 120 participants and 955,388 and more than 1000 people were included in 61.8% of the studies. The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents (age ≤ 18 years) was reported in 74 articles (48.7%), whereas in 61 articles (40.1%), the age of the study participants was > 18 years. A combination of these age groups was reported in 17 studies. Generally, the excess weight (overweight and obesity) reported in articles ranges from 1.4 to 92.9%. Khouzestan (Ahvaz) and Fars (Jahrom) had the lowest and highest rates of overweight/obesity, respectively. When it comes to individuals aged 18 or younger, West Azerbaijan and Zahedan are the regions of concern with the lowest and highest prevalence, respectively.
Based on reports published between 2012 and 2021, the percentage of overweight and obese individuals in Iran was estimated at 20.1 (95% CI 17.92–22.30) and 13.44 (95% CI 11.76–15.22), respectively. This percentage (95% CI) was 11.71 (10.98–12.46) for overweight and 8.08 (7.02–9.22) for obesity in those aged ≤ 18 years, and 35.26 (32.61–37.99) for overweight and 21.38 (19.61–23.20) for obesity in those aged > 18 years (Table 2). At the same time, the overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in the entire population was 35.09% (95% CI 31.31–38.98) (Table 2).
In meta-regression models, from the year of data collection and year of publication, there was a significant association between the year of publication and the prevalence of overweight among all ages (coefficient = − 0.008, SE = 0.004, P value = 0.04) (Fig. 2). According to the model, a statistically significant association was found between the year of data collection and overweight prevalence in ≤ 18 years (coefficient = − 0.003, SE = 0.001, P value = 0.01) (Fig. 3) and prevalence of obesity in the adult population (coefficient = − 0.003, SE = 0.001, P value = 0.04) (Fig. 4). However, in other cases, meta-regression did not show any association between the prevalence of overweight and/or obesity and year of data collection or publication (Table 3).
Association between year of publication and prevalence of overweight in all age groups
Association between year of data collection and prevalence of overweight in individuals aged ≤ 18 years
Association between year of data collection and prevalence of obesity in adults
According to the published reports between 2012 and 2021, as a whole, the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in Alborz, Kermanshah, Hormozgan, Bushehr, East Azerbaijan, Yazd, Hamedan, and Guilan provinces, respectively. Throughout the years, these numbers were the lowest in Lorestan, Kordistan, Ilam, and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari (Fig. 5A). The distribution of the prevalence of overweight and/or obesity by age group is shown in Fig. 5B–G.
A Geographical dispersion of overweight and obesity in all age groups across the country. B Geographical dispersion of overweight and obesity in adults. C Geographical dispersion of overweight in adults. D Geographical dispersion of obesity in adults. E Geographical dispersion of overweight and obesity in aged ≤ 18 years. F Geographical dispersion of overweight in aged ≤ 18 years. G Geographical dispersion of obesity in aged ≤ 18 years
Discussion
Based on published data from 2012 to 2021, we estimated the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Iranian population according to age and geographical distribution. Accordingly, the total rate of overweight and obesity in Iran was estimated to be 35.09%, which was calculated to be 56.55% for people older than 18 years and 21.11% for people younger than 18 years.
Since obesity prevalence is on the rise in Iran, as well as the health and socioeconomic problems resulting from it, it is crucial to study obesity and access comprehensive and precise data to assess public health and to determine relevant health policies and obesity prevention measures. Hence, the World Health Organization continues to encourage countries to use the burden of disease to guide policymaking at the national level [161].
In the latest meta-analysis on overweight and obesity prevalence in Iran [161], which was carried out according to published data between 1995 and 2011, the prevalence of obesity in populations above the age of 18 was estimated to be 21.7% (CI 95% 18.5–25%) and in populations below 18, 6.1% (CI 95% 6.8–5.4%). In another pooled analysis [162] between the adult population aged 25 to 85 years, during 1990–2016, the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 71.7% (67.9–75.8) and 36.8% (34.1–39.7) in females and 57.1% (53.7–60.6) and 18.4% (16.9–20) in men, respectively. A meta-analysis [2] estimated that in 2014, the prevalence of obesity and overweight among Iranian children and adolescents was approximately 5.1% (95% CI 4.4–5.8) and 10.8% (95% CI 10.2–11.4). An analysis of obesity data until 2005 conducted by Mirzazadeh estimated the obesity rate among people over 18 to be 21.5% and the rate among those under 18 to be 5.5% [163]. The difference between the current study and previous studies was due to the difference in the time of conducting the studies, extent of the data, and larger sample size.
Obesity is the most obvious indication of an inappropriate sedentary lifestyle and increase in high-calorie food consumption [164]. Based on a study published in 2005, approximately 937 million adults (23.2%) were estimated to be overweight, whereas approximately 396 million adults (24%) were estimated to be obese. According to projections, there will be 1.35 billion overweight and obese people and 573 million obese people by 2030 [165]. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2010, more than one-third of the adults in the USA were obese [166]. In another study of the adult population in Spain, the prevalence of obesity was 22.9% (24.4% in men and 21.4% in women) [167]. Turkey had an overweight prevalence of 19.0% %in 2007 (17.4% in men and 20.4% in women) [168]. The prevalence of obesity in Asian countries is 10.3% and that of overweight and obesity is 25.0% in Pakistan [169]. Overweight and obesity were more prevalent in our review than in the other studies.
The difference in obesity prevalence rates worldwide is influenced by various factors, such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status. Additionally, these factors have a significant impact on obesity prevalence [161].
Furthermore, obesity/overweight prevalence varies widely across provinces in Iran, likely due to different cultural affiliations and socioeconomic factors. The multiethnic nature of Iran directly affects eating habits and lifestyles in every region due to cultural, environmental, and genetic variations. Environmental factors such as climate variability affect diet, mood, and activity levels. As a result of urbanization, obesity is noticeably increasing in Iran and is considered a contributing factor [1].
In addition, over the last 3 decades, obesity among children and adolescents has more than doubled [170]. In 2010, the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reported that almost 17% of the youth were obese [166]. Childhood obesity increases the likelihood of developing obesity in adults. Increasing obesity at a young age increases the risk of obesity-related diseases in children, including diseases that were once called adult diseases, such as type-2 diabetes. This issue requires further investigation. In 1980, obesity rates among children and adolescents in the USA were 7% and 5%, respectively, whereas in 2012 they reached nearly 18% and 21%, respectively [171]. In 2005, the percentage of overweight or obese children and adolescents in South Korea was 9.7% (11.3% boys and 8.0% girls) [172]. According to the MONICA project (monitoring of cardiovascular diseases) in 1998, Iran is one of the seven countries with high childhood obesity rates [173]. Even a small increase in BMI in children may result in long-term health effects [2].
Like other developing countries, Iran has experienced an increase in BMI primarily as a result of lifestyle changes that have occurred in recent decades due to rapid socioeconomic development, westernized lifestyles, inadequate physical activity, urbanization, and urban–rural migration [162]. However, there is a complex combination of biological and non-biological factors that can influence lifestyle habits such as age, sex, race, and socioeconomic background [174, 175]. Iran has a higher prevalence of obesity than most countries in Middle East-North Africa (MENA), including Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and Pakistan [162]. Considering the clinical significance of the underlying pathophysiology, which is mainly shared among populations and can be explained through experimental and clinical studies, it is important to investigate the distribution of increased BMI in Iran.
In this study, we conducted a comprehensive systematic search of all published sources of information on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Iranian population between 2012 and 2021. All domestic databases were searched using English and Persian equivalent terms. However, this study has some limitations. It is difficult to compare data between studies because of the differences in the groups studied, differences in living areas, and discrepancies in measures. Another limitation of this meta-analysis is that it did not report the prevalence of overweight/obesity based on urban or rural areas, due to data limitations, and did not investigate the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status. In addition, the results of our meta-analysis may not be applicable to the general population, because the prevalence data for overweight and obesity in the included studies were not exclusively based on healthy individuals.
Further research should be conducted to investigate the influence of sex, age, health status, rural and urban areas, and socioeconomic factors on the obesity prevalence.
Conclusion
Considering past meta-analyses, the present study concludes that overweight/obesity is on the rise among Iranians of all ages and sexes. Obesity is widely dispersed geographically. These data indicate the need for obesity prevention strategies that consider both the environmental and individual factors. As obesity can lead to many life-threatening complications, it is vital to have national education and prevention programs. There is a need to map obesity in Iranian children and adults, and conduct meta-analyses based on geographic and climatic regions. To prevent future obesity epidemics, a massive international program must be designed.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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BA, MV, and FH conceived and designed the study. BA, MH, SAM, and SA conducted the systematic search, screened articles, and read the full texts for eligibility. BA, SA, APR, AN, and MA extracted data from the original studies and evaluated the studies for risk of bias. BA, ARA, and MA contributed to the interpretation of the results and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. MV and FH critically revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Abiri, B., Ahmadi, A.R., Amini, S. et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Health Popul Nutr 42, 70 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-023-00419-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-023-00419-w