Abstract
Background
Submucosal fecalith(s) mimicking submucosal tumors of the gastrointestinal lumen are rare. Moreover, accurate preoperative diagnosis of these entities is exceedingly difficult, and the mechanism(s) of their formation remains unclear.
Case presentation
A 40-year-old woman visited the authors’ hospital due to lower abdominal pain and diarrhea. She had previously been treated for endometriosis. Laboratory investigation revealed increased C-reactive protein levels. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed thickening of the appendix wall and dilation of the small intestine. The patient was diagnosed with paralytic ileus caused by appendicitis, and interval appendectomy was scheduled. She underwent laparoscopic-assisted appendectomy after conservative treatment. Partial cecal resection was selected due to the presence of an elastic mass in the cecum. The final pathological diagnosis was submucosal fecalith, not submucosal tumor. On day 5, the patient was discharged without any postoperative complications.
Conclusions
In cases of appendicitis with fecalith(s) that appear as submucosal tumor(s) on colonoscopy, submucosal fecalith mimicking submucosal tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Similar content being viewed by others
Background
Appendicitis with fecalith(s) is often encountered in clinical practice. The ratio of appendicitis cases with fecalith has been reported in different studies [1,2,3,4], some of which have reported an association between the appendix and fecalith formation, and that fecalith formation is associated with perforation in cases of acute appendicitis and the failure of conservative treatment [5,6,7]. Others have demonstrated that fecaliths do not influence gangrenous or perforated appendicitis [3]. Nevertheless, the influence of fecalith(s) on the occurrence of appendicitis remains controversial.
Interestingly, sometimes intraluminal fecaliths show an extremely rare form. Only a few case reports [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18] have described fecaliths mimicking submucosal tumor(s). The present report describes a case of appendicitis with submucosal fecalith mimicking a submucosal tumor.
Case presentation
A 40-year-old woman was admitted to the department of surgery at the authors’ hospital with complaints of lower abdominal pain and diarrhea. She also exhibited fever and abdominal distension. She had no relevant surgical history and was being treated for endometriosis with low-dose estrogen progestin (LEP). Although her white blood cell count was normal, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were extremely elevated (20.36 mg/dL). Abdominal ultrasonography revealed dilationand extensive fluid retention in the small intestine. Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed appendiceal wall thickening with fecalith (Fig. 1a), edema in the cecum, dilation of the small intestine in the pelvis (Fig. 1b), and ascites around the liver. There was no abscess in the pelvis or constriction of the bowel. Vaginal cultures for gonorrhea and chlamydia were negative. Initial diagnosis was suspicious for paralytic ileus caused by pelvic peritonitis due to appendicitis rather than gynecological infection. Conservative treatment with antibiotics and an ileus tube were selected for two reasons. First, the probability of ileocecal resection was high due to cecum edema. Second, she was at high risk for thrombosis due to the use of LEP for endometriosis. Conservative treatment was highly effective. On day 9 of admission, CRP levels dramatically improved (0.73 mg/dL). The patient resumed a regular diet 5 days after the start of treatment and, thereafter, her clinical course was uneventful, and she was discharged 12 days after admission. Five days after discharge, she was re-examined and laboratory investigations performed at the outpatient clinic revealed normal CRP levels (0.04 mg/dL). On contrast-enhanced abdominal CT, which was performed 2 weeks after discharge, swelling in the appendix was improved, although the fecalith remained near the appendix root (Fig. 2). There were no CT findings suggestive of malignancy. She underwent laparoscopic-assisted interval appendectomy without preoperative colonoscopy 2 months after starting treatment. The operative findings revealed no adhesion between the appendix and surrounding organs. An elastic mass was confirmed in the cecum near the root of the appendix. Accordingly, partial cecal resection was performed to excise the mass. The total duration of the operation was 73 min, and intraoperative blood loss was minimal. Macroscopically, a mass similar to a submucosal tumor was found in the cecum near the appendix root (Fig. 3a). The fecalith, measuring 12 mm in size, was detected in the submucosal layer (Fig. 3b). No appendiceal swelling was observed. Histopathologically, inflammation had spread around the fecalith, with no malignancy (Fig. 4a, b). The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 5.
Discussion
There are multiple types of submucosal lesions, including lipomas, lymphomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and appendiceal tumors [19]. The histological diagnosis of submucosal lesions is difficult with colonoscopy and endoscopic biopsy. In addition, Kangaspunta et al. demonstrated that preoperative abdominal CT was poor in detecting tumors in patients with acute appendicitis[20]. Since 1981, several studies have described submucosal fecalith(s) mimicking submucosal tumors, as shown in Table 1 [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Some characteristics of the 12 patients with submucosal fecalith included in our brief literature review included a mean age of 47 years (range, 6–74 years), a female-to-male prevalence ratio of 1:2, and the fecalith was located around the cecum. However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of preoperative diagnosis of submucosal fecalith.
Appendiceal cancers are rare, with previous studies reporting that they account for < 1% of all gastrointestinal cancers [21, 22]. Some factors have been reported to contribute to the risk for appendiceal neoplasm and cancer, including age > 40 years, appendiceal diameter > 10 mm, and complicated appendicitis [23, 24]. In addition, some studies have demonstrated that interval appendectomy increases the risk for appendiceal neoplasm and malignancy [25, 26]. Although the pathological diagnosis in our case was not malignancy, preoperative colonoscopy should have been performed due to the age of the patient (i.e., approaching middle age). We recommended preoperative colonoscopy, but this was refused by the patient. Though this was a benign lesion, the patient should have undergone preoperative colonoscopy to exclude malignant lesions due to age factors, even if there were no malignancy findings on CT.
Although various mechanisms have been proposed, the exact mechanisms of submucosal fecalith formation remain unclear. Alhalabi et al. suggested that fecalith(s) could be trapped in the appendiceal orifice and develop in the submucosal layer over time [12]. Bustamante et al. suggested that the result of long-term incarceration of an appendicular fecalith or the constant accumulation of feces through fissure(s) in the mucosa cause submucosal fecalith [15, 18]. Ito et al. favored the hypothesis that intussusception of the appendix, which excludes foreign bodies from the lumen of the appendix, may lead to submucosal fecalith. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of submucosal fecalith formation remains controversial. In our case, there was no mucosa except the upper fecalith; therefore, it was difficult, to presume that the fecalith was trapped in the cecal diverticulum. In addition, it was difficult to presume obstruction of the appendix root due to submucosal fecalith in the cecum because there were no findings of appendiceal swelling. Based on intraoperative findings, the invaginated appendix was not the cause of the submucosal fecalith. The mechanism in our case was inferred from the clinical course and histopathological findings, which suggested high-grade inflammation of the appendix root due to fecalith incarceration. Fecalith incarceration in the appendix root induces high levels of inflammation with ulceration, which in turn causes pelvic peritonitis. During tissue repair, the surface of the fecalith was covered with epithelium, which appeared as a submucosal tumor.
Conclusions
We encountered a rare case of submucosal fecalith mimicking a submucosal tumor. In cases of appendicitis with fecalith—in which colonoscopy findings suggest submucosal tumor—it is important that the chosen surgical strategy is not overly invasive.
Availability of data and materials
No applicable.
Abbreviations
- LEP:
-
Low-dose estrogen progestin
- CRP:
-
C-reactive protein
- CT:
-
Computed tomography
References
Rao P, Rhea J, Novelline R, et al. Helical CT technique for the diagnosis of appendicitis: prospective evaluation of a focused appendix CT examination. Radiology. 1997;202:139–44.
Rabinowitz CB, Egglin TK, Beland MD, Mayo-Smith WW. Outcomes in 74 patients with an appendicolith who did not undergo surgery: is follow-up imaging necessary? Emerg Radiol. 2007;14:161–5.
Ramdass MJ, Young Sing Q, Milne D, et al. Association between the appendix and the fecalith in adults. Can J Surg. 2015;58:10–4.
Swischuk LE, Chung DH, Hawkins HK, et al. Non-fecalith-induced appendicitis: etiology, imaging, and pathology. Emerg Radiol. 2015;22:643–9.
Huang L, Yin Y, Yang L, et al. Comparison of antibiotic therapy and appendectomy for acute uncomplicated appendicitis in children: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:426–34.
Brunner M, Lapins P, Langheinrich M, et al. Risk factors for appendiceal neoplasm and malignancy among patients with acute appendicitis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2020;35:157–63.
Miyauchi H, Okata Y, Hatakeyama T, et al. Analysis of predictive factors for perforated appendicitis in children. Pediatr Int. 2020;62:711–5.
Gohary A, Shepherd D, Freeman N. Cecal fecalith mimicking intussusception. Z Kinderchir. 1981;33:363–6.
Itoh J, Soeno T, Koizumi R. Intussusception of the appendix with a calcified fecalith. Jpn J Surg. 1987;17:195–8.
Kimura H, Satou T, Takahashi N, et al. Intussusception of the cecum with calcified fecaliths. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90:318–9.
Lee C, Lee S-H, Park J-Y, et al. Appendiceal intussusception due to a fecalith mimicking a submucosal tumor. Endoscopy. 2009;41:E25–6.
Alhalabi SM, Alsaati G, Al-Kawas F. Fecalith presenting as a submucosal cecal mass. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:A24.
Meguro Y, Koide A, Tabuchi T. Submucosal tumor-like appendiceal intussusception as a result of fecalith. Dig Endosc. 2014;26:603.
Zhao H, Li Y, Cao D. Submucosal fecalith in the ileocecal valve. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;80:1183–4.
Ruan X-J, Ye B-L, Zheng Z-H, et al. Laparoscopic surgery assisted by colonoscopy for a submucosal cecal fecalith presenting as acute appendicitis: a case report. Medicine. 2017;96:e8872.
Kramer JB, Hemu M, Berger D, et al. A rare, entirely benign, colonic submucosal lesion: 3058. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113:S1672.
Narasimha S, Patel R, Geerken R. A masquerading mass: an appendiceal fecalith posing as a submucosal lesion: 1662. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113:S958.
Bustamante JP, Goñi HEB, Salas FP, Moscol MD. Submucosal fecalith presenting as a submucosal cecal mass. ACG Case Rep J. 2019;6:e00182.
Pickhardt PJ, Kim DH, Menias CO, et al. Evaluation of submucosal lesions of the large intestine: part 1 Neoplasms. Radiographics. 2007;27:1681–92.
Kangaspunta H, Tahkola K, Wirta E-V, et al. Preoperative computed tomography is poor in detecting tumors of the appendix among patients with acute appendicitis: a cohort study of 5,224 appendectomies. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;88:396–401.
O’Donnell ME, Badger SA, Beattie GC, et al. Malignant neoplasms of the appendix. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22:1239–48.
Benedix F, Reimer A, Gastinger I, et al. Primary appendiceal carcinoma–epidemiology, surgery and survival: results of a German multi-center study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:763–71.
Lietzén E, Grönroos JM, Mecklin J-P, et al. Appendiceal neoplasm risk associated with complicated acute appendicitis—a population based study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2019;34:39–46.
Naar L, Kim P, Byerly S, et al. Increased risk of malignancy for patients older than 40 years with appendicitis and an appendix wider than 10 mm on computed tomography scan: a post hoc analysis of an EAST multicenter study. Surgery. 2020;168:701–6.
Wright GP, Mater ME, Carroll JT, et al. Is there truly an oncologic indication for interval appendectomy? The Am J Surg. 2015;209:442–6.
de Jonge J, Bolmers M, Musters G, et al. Predictors for interval appendectomy in non-operatively treated complicated appendicitis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2019;34:1325–32.
Acknowledgements
This case report was not supported by any grants.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
TB, KO, and TF performed the operation. TB, KO, and TF managed the perioperative course. TB, and TF wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
This patient consented to the reporting of this case in a scientific publication.
Competing interests
We declare no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Bekki, T., Fukuda, T., Moriuchi, T. et al. Appendicitis with submucosal fecalith mimicking a submucosal tumor: a case report. surg case rep 7, 105 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40792-021-01169-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40792-021-01169-9