Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dielectrophoresis in particle confinement: Aligned carbon particles in polymer matrix below percolation threshold

  • Review
  • Published:
The European Physical Journal Special Topics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We review preparation and properties of confined, aligned string-like particle assemblies formed by dielectrophoresis under alternating electric fields. Particular attention is placed on carbon particles aligned in the oligomer matrix. In these systems the particle fraction is low, below the isotropic percolation threshold. The matrix is polymerized after alignment, which locks the aligned strings in place. Application examples are discussed including particle separation, conductivity enhancement and piezoresistive sensors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. K. Binder, J. Horbach, R. Vink, A. De Virgilis, Soft Matter 4, 1555 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. T. Schilling, S. Dorosz, M. Radu, M. Mathew, S. Jungblut, K. Binder, Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 222, 3039 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. H. Löwen, Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 222, 2727 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. A.B.G.M. Leferink op Reinink, E. van den Pol, A.V. Petukhov, G.J. Vroege, H.N.W. Lekkerkerker, Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 222, 3053 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Moniruzzaman, K.I. Winey, Macromolecules 39, 5194 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. S.V. Ahir, Y.Y. Huang, E.M. Terentjev, Polymer 49, 3841 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. J.E. Martin, R.A. Anderson, J. Odinek, D. Adolf, J. Williamson, Phys. Rev. B 67, 094207 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. G. Filipcsei, I. Csetneki, A. Szilagyi, M. Zrinyi, Adv. Polym. Sci. 206, 137 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. P.W. Majewski, M. Gopinadhan, C.O. Osuji, J. Polym. Sci. B.: Polym. Phys. 50, 2 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. M. Knaapila, H. Høyer, J. Kjelstrup-Hansen, G. Helgesen, ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 6, 3469 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. H. Wang, Z. Xu, G. Eres, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 213111 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. K. Mizuno, J. Ishii, H. Kishida, Y. Hayamizu, S. Yasuda, D.N. Futaba, M. Yumura, K. Hata, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 6044 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. X.Y. Zhang, L.D. Zhang, M.J. Zheng, G.H. Li, L.X. Zhao, J. Cryst. Growth 223, 306 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. J. Kjelstrup-Hansen, S. Dohn, D.N. Madsen, K. Mølhave, P. Bøggild, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 6, 1995 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. L. Ci, J. Suhr, V. Pushparaj, X. Zhang, P.M. Ajayan, Nano Lett. 8, 2762 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. S. Abbasi, P.J. Carreau, A. Derdouri, Polymer 51, 922 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. K. Tsuda, Y. Sakka, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 10, 014603 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. G. Scalia, Chem. Phys. Chem. 11, 333 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  19. M.S. Mauter, M. Elimelech, C.O. Osuji, ACS Nano 4, 6651 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. A. Shiota, C.K. Ober, Macromolecules 30, 4278 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. P. Mansky, J. DeRouchey, T.P. Russell, J. Mays, M. Pitsikalis, T. Morkved, H. Jaeger, Macromolecules 31, 4399 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Z.-M. Huang, Y.-Z. Zhang, M. Kotaki, S. Ramakrishna, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63, 2223 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. H.A. Pohl, J. Appl. Phys. 22, 869 (1951)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. R. Pethig, Biomicrofluidics 4, 022811 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. M.P. Hughes, R. Pethig, X.-B. Wang, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 29, 474 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. B.D. Smith, T.S. Mayer, C.D. Keating, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 63, 241 (2012)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. S.O. Lumsdon, D.M. Scott, Langmuir 21, 4874 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. P.A. Smith, C.D. Nordquist, T.N. Jackson, T.S. Mayer, B.R. Martin, J. Mbindyo, T.E. Mallouk, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 1399 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. K.D. Hermanson, S.O. Lumsdon, J.P. Williams, E.W. Kaler, O.D. Velev, Science 294, 1082 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. A. Nocke, M. Wolf, H. Budzier, K.-F. Arndt, G. Gerlach, Sens. Actuators A 156, 164 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. G.K. Johnsen, M. Knaapila, O.G. Martinsen, G. Helgesen, Compos. Sci. Technol. 72, 1841 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. B. Zhang, C. Xie, J. Hu, H. Wang, Y. Gui, Compos. Sci. Technol. 66, 1558 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. H. Bruus, Theoretical Microfluidics (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007)

  34. T. Prasse, L. Flandin, K. Schulte, W. Bauhofer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2903 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. M.-K. Schwarz, W. Bauhofer, K. Schulte, Polymer 43, 3079 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. T. Prasse, J.-Y. Cavaillé, W. Bauhofer, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63, 1835 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. X.Q. Chen, T. Saito, H. Yamada, K. Matsushige, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 3714 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. C. Park, J. Wilkinson, S. Banda, Z. Ounaies, K.E. Wise, G. Sauti, P.T. Lillehei, J.S. Harrison, J. Polym. Sci. B.: Polym. Phys. 44, 1751 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. M.-W. Wang, T.-C. Hsu, C.-H. Weng, Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 241 (2008)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  40. A.I. Oliva-Avilés, F. Avilés, V. Sosa, A.I. Oliva, F. Gamboa, Nanotechnology 23, 465710 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. A.I. Oliva-Avilés, F. Avilés, G.D. Seidel, V. Sosa, Compos. B Eng. 47, 200 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. H. Wang, H. Zhang, W. Zhao, W. Zhang, G. Chen, Compos. Sci. Technol. 68, 238 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. E. Svåsand, G. Helgesen, A.T. Skjeltorp, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 308, 67 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. M. Knaapila, H. Høyer, E. Svåsand, M. Buchanan, A.T. Skjeltorp, G. Helgesen, J. Polym. Sci. B.: Polym. Phys. 49, 399 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. M. Knaapila, O.T. Rømoen, E. Svåsand, J.P. Pinheiro, Ø. G. Martinsen, M. Buchanan, A.T. Skjeltorp, G. Helgesen, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3, 378 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. M. Knaapila, J.P. Pinheiro, M. Buchanan, A.T. Skjeltorp, G. Helgesen, Carbon 49, 3171 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. A. Krishnan, E. Dujardin, M.M.J. Treacy, J. Hugdahl, S. Lynum, T.W. Ebbesen, Nature 388, 451 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. S.P. Jordan, V.H. Crespi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 255504 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. S.N. Naess, A. Elgsaeter, G. Helgesen, K.D. Knudsen, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 10, 065002 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. F.S. Hage, Q.M. Ramasse, D.M. Kepaptsoglou, O. Prytz, A.E. Gunnaes, G. Helgesen, R. Brydson, Phys. Rev. B 88, 155408 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. Y.R. Hernandez, A. Gryson, F.M. Blighe, M. Cadek, V. Nicolosi, W.J. Blau, Y.K. Gun’ko, J.N. Coleman, Scripta Mater. 58, 69 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. R.P. Slopek, J.F. Gilchrist, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43, 045402 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. C-S. Lim, A.J. Rodriques, M.E. Guzman, J.D. Schaefer, B. Minaie, Carbon 49, 1873 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. M. Dimaki, P. Bøggild, Nanotechnology 16, 759 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. B.R. Burg, V. Bianco, J. Schneider, D. Poulikakos, J. Appl. Phys. 107, 124308 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. H. Høyer, M. Knaapila, J. Kjelstrup-Hansen, X. Liu, G. Helgesen, J. Polym. Sci. B.: Polym. Phys. 50, 477 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. M.U. Sandsaunet, M. Knaapila, L. Tavares, J. Kjelstrup-Hansen, G. Helgesen, Polym. Compos., doi: 10.10002/pc.23094 (2014)

  58. H. Høyer, M. Knaapila, J. Kjelstrup-Hansen, G. Helgesen, J. Appl. Phys. 112, 094324 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. A. Sharma, C.E. Bakis, K.W. Wang, Nanotechnology 19, 325606 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. A. Sharma, C.E. Bakis, K.W. Wang, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43, 175402 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. R. Krupke, F. Hennrich, H. von Löhneysen, M.M. Kappes, Science 301, 344 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. B.R. Burg, J. Schneider, V. Bianco, N.C. Schirmer, D. Poulikakos, Langmuir 26, 10419 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. M. Dimaki, P. Bøggild, Nanotechnology 15, 1095 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. F. Carmona, Physica A 157, 461 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. F. Lux, J. Mater. Sci. 28, 285 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. D.S. McLachlan, C. Chiteme, C. Park, K.E. Wise, S.E. Lowther, P.T. Lillehei, E.J. Siochi, J.S. Harrison, J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 43, 3273 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. J. Sánchez-González, A. Macías-García, M.F. Alexandre-Franco, V. Gómez-Serrano, Carbon 43, 741 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. D. Untereker, S. Lyu, J. Schley, G. Martinez, L. Lohstreter, ACS Appl. Mater. Interf. 1, 97 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. S. Kirkpatrick, Rev. Mod. Phys. 45, 574 (1973)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. F. Du, J.E. Fischer, K.I. Winey, Phys. Rev. B 72, 121404 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. A. Behnam, J. Guo, A. Ural, J. App. Phys. 102, 044313 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. S.I. White, B.A. DiDonna, M. Mu, T.C. Lubensky, K.I. Winey, Phys. Rev. B 79, 024301 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. S.S. Rahatekar, M.S.P. Shaffer, J.A. Elliott, Compos. Sci. Technol. 70, 356 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. R. Schueler, J. Petermann, K. Schulte, H.-P. Wentzel, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 63, 1741 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. X. Li, S.Y. Wong, W.C. Tjiu, B.P. Lyons, S.A. Oh, C. Bin He, Carbon 46, 829 (2008)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  76. L. Flandin, T. Prasse, R. Schueler, K. Schulte, W. Bauhofer, J.-Y. Cavaille, Phys. Rev. B 59, 14349 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. A. Boisen, S. Dohn, S.S. Keller, S. Schmid, M. Tenje, Rep. Prog. Phys. 74, 036101 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. N. Hu, Y. Karube, M. Arai, T. Watanabe, C. Yan, Y. Li, Y. Liu, H. Fukunaga, Carbon 48, 680 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. A.I. Oliva-Avilés, F. Avilés, V. Sosa, Carbon 49, 2989 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. H. Høyer, M. Knaapila, J. Kjelstrup-Hansen, X. Liu, G. Helgesen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 213106 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. L. Gammelgaard, P.A. Rasmussen, M. Calleja, P. Vettiger, A. Boisen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 113508 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. B.R. Burg, T. Helbling, C. Hierold, D. Poulikakos, J. App. Phys. 109, 064310 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. L. Flandin, A. Chang, S. Nazarenko, A. Hiltner, E. Baer, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 76, 894 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. M. Li, W.H. Li, J. Zhang, G. Alici, W. Wen, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 47, 063001 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. T. An, K.S. Kim, S.K. Hahn, G. Lim, Lab. Chip 10, 2052 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. C.E. Kehayias, S. MacNaughton, S. Sonkusale, C. Staii, Nanotechnology 24, 245502 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. J.E. Martin, G. Gulley, J. Appl. Phys. 106, 084301 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physics Department, Institute for Energy Technology, 2027, Kjeller, Norway

    M. Knaapila, H. Høyer & G. Helgesen

  2. Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway

    G. Helgesen

Authors
  1. M. Knaapila
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. Høyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. G. Helgesen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Knaapila.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Knaapila, M., Høyer, H. & Helgesen, G. Dielectrophoresis in particle confinement: Aligned carbon particles in polymer matrix below percolation threshold. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 223, 1869–1882 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2014-02232-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2014-02232-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation