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Advanced Aramid Fibrous Materials: Fundamentals, Advances, and Beyond

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Abstract

Aramid fibers (AFs) are widely applied in many cutting-edge fields, due to their excellent comprehensive performance. Ongoing research efforts are therefore underway to expand the applicability by designing more environmentally friendly and low-cost synthesis methods, incorporating new chemical components in the skeletons or internal structures of polyamide to enhance their processability and functionality. Despite being at the forefront of scientific research, there are fewer reviews that comprehensively summarize the latest progress of AFs. This review focuses on the fundamental research of AFs since their inception and summarizes the advanced progress and applications of AFs. Firstly, the synthesis mechanism and methods of AFs and their structure–property relationship are comprehensively discussed. Subsequently, we review the recent progress in surface functionalization of AFs by using advanced micro-nanoscale modification strategies to enhance the interface properties and ultraviolet (UV)-resistance properties, and summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various modified methods. Then, applications of AF and aramid nanofiber (ANF) in various fields are discussed. Finally, the possible challenges and outlooks toward the future development of AFs are highlighted, which is expected to provide new insights for the next-generation advanced functional AF materials and facilitate the industrialization development level for high-performance AFs and their composites.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Reproduced with permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. b Direct polymerization of aromatic polyamide by Para-phenylenediamine and TPA in SO3. [47], Copyright 1979. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. c Direct polymerization of aromatic polyamide by aromatic dicarboxylic acids and aromatic diamines containing ether linkages. [48], Copyright 2008. Reproduced with permission from the Society of Polymer Science, Japan. d Synthesis mechanism of aromatic polyamide with palladium catalyst.[49], Copyright 1993. Reproduced with permission from American Chemical Society. e Diagram and product pictures and mechanism of PPTA generated in ionic liquids.[50], Copyright 2018. Reproduced with permission from American Chemical Society. f Schematic diagram of the non-aqueous suspension polycondensation process for aromatic polyamide. [51], Copyright 2015. Reproduced with permission from Chinese Chemical Society, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. g Synthesis of PPTA in a micro-channel reactor and the structure diagram of the micro-sieve mixer of the reactor. [52], Copyright 2015. Reproduced with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 4

Reproduced with permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [74], Copyright 1983. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [78], Copyright 1983. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [79], Copyright 1973. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Photograph (f) and unit cell structure (g) [80] of PMIA fibers. [80], Copyright 2017. Reproduced with permission from China Railway Publishing House. h Stress–strain curves of several industrial fibers. [80], Copyright 2017. Reproduced with permission from China Railway Publishing House. i Specific modulus and specific strength of several high-performance fibers. [80], Copyright 2017. Reproduced with permission from China Railway Publishing House. j Limiting oxygen index of several high-performance fibers. [81], Copyright 2018. Reproduced with permission from National Defense Industry Press. k Tensile strength of Kevlar 49 under only atomic oxygen exposure and simultaneous exposures of atomic oxygen and UV radiation. [82], Copyright 2006. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd

Fig. 5

Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd. b Graphene oxide-modified Kevlar K-29 for reinforcing epoxy resin matrixes. [161], Copyright 2021. Reproduced with permission from American Chemical Society. c Chemical grafting of PBIA fibers with silane coupling agents to enhance the interfacial interaction with rubber, bismaleimide, and epoxy resin. [162], Copyright 2018. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd. d Constructing a new skin for AFs to improve its composite interfacial properties. [163], Copyright 2021. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd

Fig. 6

Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd. b Synthesis of TiO2 NPs on Kevlar-49 with the hydrothermal method to enhance the UV resistance. [175], Copyright 2016. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd. c Chemical Grafting of Kevlar-49 with PDA@tBN@CeO2 to enhance the UV resistance. [240], Copyright 2018. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd. d Synthesis of TiO2 film by ALD on PMIA fibers to enhance the UV resistance. [241], Copyright 2022. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd. e Synthesis of -Al2O3–TiO2 bilayer films by ALD on PMIA fibers to enhance the UV resistance. [242], Copyright 2021. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley & Sons Inc

Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd. b Anti-UV radiation textiles. [263], Copyright 2019. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley & Sons Inc. c Schematic illustration for preparation of paper-based thermally conductive materials. [264], Copyright 2018. Reproduced with permission from Springer Science Business Media. d Laser writing of Janus graphene/Kevlar textile for intelligent protective clothing. [265], Copyright 2020. Reproduced with permission from American Chemical Society. e m-AF paper for EMI shielding in the extreme environments. [266], Copyright 2020. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd. f Electrothermal/Photothermal conversion aramid spun-laced nonwoven fabric. [267], Copyright 2021. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd

Fig. 9

Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd. b Robust and flexible ANF/graphene LBL electrodes. [305], Copyright 2020. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd. c Aramid-nanofibers-based flexible sensor. [326], Copyright 2021. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd. d Z-PMIA separator of the Li–S batteries. [327], Copyright 2021. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier Ltd. e High flux organic solvent nanofiltration membrane from Kevlar ANFs. [328], Copyright 2018. Reproduced with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry. f MXene/ ANFs for EMI shielding paper. [329], Copyright 2022. Reproduced with permission from American Chemical Society

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Acknowledgements

This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52373085), Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (No. 2023AFB828) Innovative Team Program of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (No. 2023AFA027), Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University (No. DTL 2022006), National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University (No. SDGC2148), and National Local Joint Laboratory for Advanced Textile Processing and Clean Production (No. 17).

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  1. Annan He, Tonghe Xing, and Zihui Liang have contributed equally to the work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies and Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China

    Annan He, Tonghe Xing, Zihui Liang, Yuxin Luo, Yu Zhang, Mengqi Wang, Zhiyu Huang, Liuyan Wu, Zhicheng Shi, Wenshuo Zhang, Fengxiang Chen & Weilin Xu

  2. College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China

    Zhiyu Huang

  3. China Textile Engineering Society, Beijing, 100025, China

    Jie Bai

  4. School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China

    Hongmei Zuo

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  1. Annan He
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Correspondence to Fengxiang Chen.

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He, A., Xing, T., Liang, Z. et al. Advanced Aramid Fibrous Materials: Fundamentals, Advances, and Beyond. Adv. Fiber Mater. 6, 3–35 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-023-00332-1

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