Abstract
Few studies in arid and semi-arid regions have focused on the effects of natural and afforested woody species on the dynamics of soil physicochemical and biological properties during different seasons. This study investigates the effects of afforested woody species including native and non-native introduced species in a semi-arid forest region of Iran. Soil sampling was done beneath the canopy of mentioned woody species and outside the canopy in spring and summer (48 soil samples: 8 patches [7 species and control] × 2 seasons × 3 replicates). Three soil cores (with 25 cm in diameter; 20 cm in height) were randomly extracted and then mixed to produce one composite sample. The results showed that season and species had a significant effect on most soil chemical parameters including calcium carbonate (CaCo3), available phosphorus (Pava), available potassium (Kava), Acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC) and calcium (Ca). In addition, the season and species had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on water content (WC). The effect of woody species on soil biological attributes was greater than the season as different woody species significantly changed the basal respiration (BR) and substrate induced respiration (SIR), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), microbial biomass phosphorous (MBP), and alkaline phosphatase. Duncan's multiple mean comparison showed that WC, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (Ntot), Pava, Kava, Ca, MBC, MBN, MBP under the Quercus brantii trees (natural and plantation) were more than Amygdalus scoparia and also A. scoparia were more than Pinus eldarica (PIN) and Cupressus arizonica (CUP). In addition, the amount of nutrients and soil biological activity beneath these non-native plantations decreased compared to the native plantation species. It can be said that in order to improve soil quality in semi-arid region, preservation of existing natural species should be prioritized and if necessary, plantation with native species should be considered.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data is available to the corresponding author and will be provided upon reasonable request.
References
Anderson JPE (1982) Soil respiration. AL Page et al.(ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. Soil respiration. p. 831–871
Bayranvand M, Kooch Y, Rey A (2017) Earthworm population and microbial activity temporal dynamics in a Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forest. Eur J For Res 136:447–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-017-1044-5
Belmonte A, Ts Sankey T, Biederman J, Bradford JB, Kolb T (2022) Soil moisture response to seasonal drought conditions and post-thinning forest structure. Ecohydrology 15:2406. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2406
Bilen S, and Turan V (2022) Enzymatic analyses in soils. In Practical Handbook on Agricultural Microbiology (pp. 377–385). Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1724-3_50
Black CA (1986) Methods of soil analysis, Part l. ASA, Madison. 545–566
Blake GR, and Hartge KH (1986) Bulk density. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 Physical and mineralogical methods 5:363–375
Bouyoucos GJ (1962) Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils. Agro J 54:464–465. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1962.00021962005400050028x
Bracken A, Coburn C, Staenz K, Rochdi N, Segl K, Chabrillat S, Schmid T (2019) Detecting soil erosion in semi-arid Mediterranean environments using simulated EnMAP data. Geoderma 340:164–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.01.026
Brady NC, Weil RR (2002) The nature and properties of soils, 13th edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA
Bremner JM (1996) Nitrogen‐total. Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 Chemical methods 5:1085–1121. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c37
Brookes PC, Landman A, Pruden G, Jenkinson DS (1985) Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 17:837–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(85)90144-0
Chandregowda MH, Murthy K, Bagchi S (2018) Woody shrubs increase soil microbial functions and multifunctionality in a tropical semi-arid grazing ecosystem. J Arid Environ 155:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2018.02.006
Danise T, Andriuzzi WS, Battipaglia G, Certini G, Guggenberger G, Innangi M, Fioretto A (2021) Mixed-species plantation effects on soil biological and chemical quality and tree growth of a former agricultural land. Forests 12:842. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12070842
Davidson EA, Verchot LV, Cattânio JH, Ackerman IL, Carvalho JEM (2000) Effects of soil water content on soil respiration in forests and cattle pastures of eastern Amazonia. Biogeochemistry 48:53–69. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006204113917
Deng Q, McMahon DE, Xiang Y, Yu CL, Jackson RB, Hui D (2016) A global meta-analysis of soil phosphorus dynamics after afforestation. New Phytol 213:181–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14119
Dilly O, Munch JC (1996) Microbial biomass content, basal respiration and enzyme activities during the course of decomposition of leaf litter in a black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) forest. Soil Biol Biochem 28:1073–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(96)00075-2
Dotaniya ML, Meena VD, Basak BB, Meena RS (2016). Potassium uptake by crops as well as microorganisms. Potassium solubilizing microorganisms for sustainable agriculture, 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2776-2_19
Eslaminejad P, Heydari M, Kakhki FV, Mirab-balou M, Omidipour R, Muñoz-Rojas M, Lucas-Borja ME (2020) Plant species and season influence soil physicochemical properties and microbial function in a semi-arid woodland ecosystem. Plant Soil 456:43–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04691-1
Fabre A, Pinay G, Ruffinoni C (1996) Seasonal changes in inorganic and organic phosphorus in the soil of a riparian forest. Biogeochemistry 35:419–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02183034
Famiglietti JS, Rudnicki JW, Rodell M (1998) Variability in surface moisture content along a hillslope transect: Rattlesnake Hill Texas. J Hydrol 210:259–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00187-5
Faramarzi M, Heidarizadi Z, Mohamadi A, Heydari M (2018) Detection of vegetation changes in relation to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in semi-arid rangeland in western Iran. J Agric Sci Technol 20:51–60. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.16807073.2018.20.1.13.5
Fierer N, Schimel JP (2002) Effects of drying–rewetting frequency on soil carbon and nitrogen transformations. Soil Biol Biochem 34:777–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00007-X
Gil-Sotres F, Trasar-Cepeda C, Leirós MC, Seoane S (2005) Different approaches to evaluating soil quality using biochemical properties. Soil Biol Biochem 37:877–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.10.003
Hagen-Thorn A, Callesen I, Armolaitis K, Nihlgard B (2004) The impact of six European tree species on the chemistry of mineral topsoil in forest plantations on former agricultural land. For Ecol Manag 195:373–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.02.036
Han C, Liu Y, Zhang C, Li Y, Zhou T, Khan S, Chen N, Zhao C (2021) Effects of three coniferous plantation species on plant-soil feedbacks and soil physical and chemical properties in semi-arid mountain ecosystems. For Ecosyst 8:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-021-00281-4
He F, Wang D, Lei R, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu J (2010) Decomposition characteristics of withered leaves at different altitudes on south slope of the Qinling Mountains. Acta Bot Sin 30:1004–1011
Heydari M, Eslaminejad P, Kakhki FV, Mirab-Balou M, Omidipour R, Prévosto B, Lucas-Borja ME (2020) Soil quality and mesofauna diversity relationship are modulated by woody species and seasonality in semiarid oak forest. For Ecol Manag 473:118332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118332
Heydari M, Poorbabaei H, Hatami K, Salehi A, Begim, FM (2013) Floristic study of Dalab woodlands, north-east of Ilam province, west Iran. Iran Sci Technol 37A3: 301–308. https://doi.org/10.22099/IJSTS.2013.1607
Heydari M, Prévosto B, Naji HR, Mehrabi AA, Pothier D (2017) Influence of soil properties and burial depth on Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) establishment in different microhabitats resulting from traditional forest practices. Eur J For Res 136:287–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-017-1029-4
Hobbie S, Ogdahl M, Chorover J, Chadwick O, Oleksyn J, Zytkowiak R, Reich P (2007) Tree species effects on soil organic matter dynamics: the role of soil cation composition. Ecosystem 10:999–1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-007-9073-4
Hosseini SS, Hosseini V (2014) Effect of Reforestation withPinus nigra Arnold, Pinus eldarica Medw. and Cupressus arizonica Greene spices on some properties of soil (Case Study: Garan region, Marivan). Ecol Iran For 2:37–44. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.24237140.1393.2.4.5.4
Huang H, Tian D, Zhou L, Su H, Ma S, Feng Y, Tang Z, Zhu J, Ji C, Fang J (2022) Effects of afforestation on soil microbial diversity and enzyme activity: A meta-analysis. Geoderma 423:115961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115961
Ilstedt U, Malmer A, Verbeeten E, Murdiyarso D (2007) The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the tropics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. For Ecol Manag 251:45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.014
Jafarian N, Mirzaei J, Omidipour R, Kooch Y (2023) Effects of micro-climatic conditions on soil properties along a climate gradient in oak forests, west of Iran: Emphasizing phosphatase and urease enzyme activity. Catena 224:106960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.106960
Janes-Bassett V, Blackwell MSA, Blair G, Davies J, Haygarth PM, Mezeli MM, Stewart G (2022) A meta-analysis of phosphatase activity in agricultural settings in response to phosphorus deficiency. Soil Biol Biochem 165:108537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108537
Jenkinson DS, Ladd JN )1981( Microbial biomass in soil measurement and turnover. In: E.A. Paul and J.N. Ladd (Eds.), Soil Biochemistry, Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY, P 415–471.
Kalra YP, Maynard DG (1991) Methods manual for forest soil and plant analysis. Forestry Canada, Northwest Region, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB. Information Report 319
Kara Ö, Bolat I (2008) The effect of different land uses on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in Bartın province. Turk J Agric For 32:281–288
Kou M, Garcia-Fayos P, Hu S, Jiao JY (2016) The effect of Robinia pseudoacacia afforestation on soil and vegetation properties in the Loess Plateau (China): a chronosequence approach. For Ecol Manag 375:146–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.05.025
Li D, Niu S, Luo Y (2012) Global patterns of the dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following afforestation: a meta-analysis. New Phytol 195:172–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04150.x
Li H, Han Y, Roelcke M, Cai Z (2008) Net nitrogen mineralization in typical paddy soils of the Taihu Region of China under aerobic conditions: Dynamics and model fitting. Can J Soil Sci 88:719–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00358-0
Liddle K, McGonigle T, Koiter A (2020) Microbe biomass in relation to organic carbon and clay in soil. Soil Syst 4:2–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030041
Liu X, Yang T, Wang Q, Huang F, Li L (2018) Dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks after afforestation in arid and semi-arid regions: A meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ 618:1658–1664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.009
Lucas-Borja ME, de Santiago JH, Yang Y, Shen Y, Candel-Pérez D (2019) Nutrient, metal contents and microbiological properties of litter and soil along a tree age gradient in Mediterranean forest ecosystems. Sci Total Environ 650:749–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.079
Lucas-Borja ME, Hedo J, Cerdá A, Candel-Pérez D, Viñegla B (2016) Unravelling the importance of forest age stand and forest structure driving microbiological soil properties, enzymatic activities and soil nutrients content in Mediterranean Spanish black pine (Pinus nigra Ar. ssp. salzmannii) Forest. Sci Total Environ 562:145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.160
Ludwig F, de Kroon H, Berendse F, Prins HH (2004) The influence of savanna trees on nutrient, water and light availability and the understorey vegetation. Plant Ecol 170:93–105. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:VEGE.0000019023.29636.92
Mikha MM, Rice CW, Milliken GA (2005) Carbon and nitrogen mineralization as affected by drying and wetting cycles. Soil Biol Biochem 37:339–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.08.003
Mirzaei J (2016) Impacts of two spatially and temporally isolated anthropogenic fire events on soils of oak-dominated Zagros forests of Iran. Turk J Agric For 40:109–119. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1406-61
Mirzaei J, Heydari M, Prevosto B (2017) Effects of vegetation patterns and environmental factors on woody regeneration in semi-arid oak-dominated forests of western Iran. J Arid Land 9:368–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-017-0013-7
Mirzaei J, Moradi M (2017) Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Amygdalus scoparia Spach plantations and a natural stand. J For Res 28:1209–1217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0392-9
Moradizadeh H, Heydari M, Omidipour R, Mezbani A, Prévosto B (2020) Ecological effects of fire severity and time since fire on the diversity partitioning, composition and niche apportionment models of post-fire understory vegetation in semi-arid oak forests of Western Iran. Ecol Eng 143:105694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.105694
Moreno G, Obrador JJ, García A (2007) Impact of evergreen oaks on soil fertility and crop production in intercropped dehesas. Agric Ecosyst Environ 119:270–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.07.013
Mori T, Wachrinrat C, Staporn D, Meunpong P, Suebsai W, Boonsri K, Kitayama K (2016) Seasonal changes in soil respiration and microbial biomass in five tropical tree plantations in Thailand. Tropics 25:85–89. https://doi.org/10.3759/tropics.MSMS15-18
Muñoz-Rojas M (2018) Soil quality indicators: critical tools in ecosystem restoration. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 5:47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2018.04.007
Mussa M, Ebro A, Nigatu L (2016) Impact of Woody Plants Species on Soil Physio- Chemical Properties along Grazing Gradients in Rangelands of Eastern Ethiopia. Trop Subtrop Agroecosyst 19:343–355
Olsen SR, Cole CV (1954) Watanabe FS and Dean LA (1954) Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circ 939:1–19
Onyekwelu JC, Mosandl R, Stimm B (2006) Productivity, site evaluation and state of nutrition of Gmelina arborea plantations in Oluwa and Omo forest reserves, Nigeria. For Ecol Manag 229:214–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.002
Ovsepyan L, Kurganova I, de Gerenyu VL, Kuzyakov Y (2019) Recovery of organic matter and microbial biomass after abandonment of degraded agricultural soils: the influence of climate. Land Degrad Dev 30:1861–1874. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3387
Owliaie HR, Adhami E, Faraji H, Fayaz P (2011) Effects of Quercus brantii Lindl On some soil properties in forest area Yasouj. J Agric Nat Resour 15:193–206. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.24763594.1390.15.56.15.5
Patel MP, Gami B, Patel B (2015) Seasonal impact on physical-chemical properties of soil in north and south Gujarat. IOSR J Agric Vet Sci Version 8:26–36. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-08622636
Paul KI, Polglase PJ, Nyakuengama JG, Khanna PK (2002) Change in soil carbon following afforestation. For Ecol Manag 168:241–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00740-X
Pereira CM, Neiverth CA, Maeda S, Guiotoku M, Franciscon L (2011) Complexometric titration with potenciometric indicator to determination of calcium and magnesium in soil extracts. Rev Bras Ciênc Solo 35:1331–1336
Qiao L, Li Y, Song Y, Zhai J, Wu Y, Chen W, Liu G, Xue S (2019) Effects of vegetation restoration on the distribution of nutrients, glomalin-related soil protein, and enzyme activity in soil aggregates on the Loess Plateau, China. Forests 10:796. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10090796
Qiu-Hui Chen, Ying Feng, Zhang YP, Zhang QC, Shamsi IH, Zhang YS, Xian-Yong Lin (2012) Short-term responses of nitrogen mineralization and microbial community to moisture regimes in greenhouse vegetable soils. Pedosphere 22:263–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(12)60013-7
Rafeie Jahed R, Hosseini SM, Kooch Y (2014) The effect of natural and planted forest stands on soil fertility in the Hyrcanian region, Iran. Biodivers J 15:206–214. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d150213
Raiesi F, Asadi E (2006) Soil microbial activity and litter turnover in native grazed and ungrazed rangelands in a semiarid ecosystem. Biol Fertil Soils 43:76–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-005-0066-1
Rey A (2015) Mind the gap: non-biological processes contributing to soil CO 2 efflux. Glob Chang Biol 21:1752–1761. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12821
Ritter E, Vesterdal L, Gundersen P (2003) Changes in soil properties after afforestation of former intensively managed soils with oak and Norway spruce. Plant Soil 249:319–330. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022808410732
Rostami D, Mohamadi Samani K, Hosseini V (2017) The effects of seasonal changes on some chemical forest soil properties during one year (Case study: Marivan forests). Iran J For Pop Res 25:354–363. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijfpr.2017.111786
Rostami N, Heydari M, Uddin SM, Esteban Lucas-Borja M, Zema DA (2022) Hydrological Response of Burned Soils in Croplands, and Pine and Oak Forests in Zagros Forest Ecosystem (Western Iran) under Rainfall Simulations at Micro-Plot Scale. Forests 13:246. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13020246
Sardans J, Peñuelas J (2013) Plant-soil interactions in Mediterranean forest and shrublands: impacts of climatic change. Plant Soil 365:1–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1591-6
Sardans J, Penuelas J, Estiarte M (2008) Changes in soil enzymes related to C and N cycle and in soil C and N content under prolonged warming and drought in a Mediterranean shrubland. Appl Soil Ecol 39:223–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.12.011
Seibert J, Stendahl J, Sørensen R (2007) Topographical influences on soil properties in boreal forests. Geoderma 141:139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.05.013
Shen H, Zhang L, Meng H, Zheng Z, Zhao Y, Zhang T (2021) Response of Soil Respiration and Its Components to Precipitation Exclusion in Vitex negundo Var. Heterophylla Shrubland of the Middle Taihang Mountain in North China. Front Environ Sci 293. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.712301
Silver W, Miya R (2001) Global patterns in root decomposition: comparisons of climate and litter quality effects. Oecologia 129:407–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100740
Tabatabai MA, Bremner JM (1969) Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biol Biochem 1:301–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(69)90012-1
Ter Braak CJF, Smilauer P (1998) CANOCO Reference manual and user’s guide to canoco for windows: software for canonical community ordination (version 4). Microcomputer Power, Ithaca
Turan V (2021) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and pistachio husk biochar combination reduces Ni distribution in mungbean plant and improves plant antioxidants and soil enzymes. Physiol Plant 173:418–429. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13490
Vance ED, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS (1987) An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C. Soil Biol Biochem 19:703–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(87)90052-6
Walkley A, Black IA (1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37:29–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
Wang G, Liu G, Xu M (2009) Above-and belowground dynamics of plant community succession following abandonment of farmland on the Loess Plateau, China. Plant Soil 316:227–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9773-3
Wang J, Zhao W, Wang G, Yang S, Pereira P (2021) Effects of long-term afforestation and natural grassland recovery on soil properties and quality in Loess Plateau (China). Sci Total Environ 770:144833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144833
Wang X, Li Y, Gong X, Niu Y, Chen Y, Shi X, Li W (2019) Storage, pattern and driving factors of soil organic carbon in an ecologically fragile zone of northern China. Geoderma 343:155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.02.030
Wang Y, Liu X, Chen F, Huang R, Deng X, Jiang Y (2020) Seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and N of Keteleeria fortunei var. cyclolepis forests with different ages. J For Res 31:2377–2384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01058-w
Wright AL, Hons FM, Matocha JE Jr (2005) Tillage impacts on microbial biomass and soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics of corn and cotton rotations. Appl Soil Ecol 29:85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2004.09.006
Xiao-gang L, Li FM, Zed R, Zheng-yan Z (2007) Soil management changes organic carbon pools in alpine pastureland soils. Soil Tillage Res 93:186–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.04.003
Yang J, Wei H, Zhang J, Shi Z, Li H, Ye Y, Abdo AI (2022) Land Use and Soil Type Exert Strongly Interactive Impacts on the pH Buffering Capacity of Acidic Soils in South China. Sustain Sci 14:12891. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912891
Yang K, Zhu J, Zhang M, Yan Q, Sun OJ (2010) Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in forest ecosystems of Northeast China: a comparison between natural secondary forest and larch plantation. J Plant Ecol 3:175–182. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtq022
Yıldız O, Eşen D, Sargıncı M, Çetin B, Toprak B, Dönmez AH (2022) Restoration success in afforestation sites established at different times in arid lands of Central Anatolia. For Ecol Manag 503:119808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119808
Zhao Z, Liu G, Liu Q, Huang C, Li H, Wu C (2018) Distribution characteristics and seasonal variation of soil nutrients in the Mun River Basin, Thailand. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15:1818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091818
Zhou ZH, Wang CK (2015) Soil resources and climate jointly drive variations in microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in China’s forest ecosystems. Biogeosci Discuss 12:11191–11216. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6751-2015
Zhu B, and Cheng W (2013) Impacts of drying–wetting cycles on rhizosphere respiration and soil organic matter decomposition. Soil Biol Biochem 63:89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SoilBio.2013.03.027
Acknowledgements
This work was done by financial support of Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Karamian, M., Mirzaei, J., Heydari, M. et al. Seasonal Effects of Native and Non-Native Woody Species on Soil Chemical and Biological Properties in Semi-Arid Forests, Western Iran. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 23, 4474–4490 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-023-01365-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-023-01365-6