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Effect of cerium addition on non-metallic inclusions in a high-carbon chromium bearing steel

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Abstract

Effects of varied levels of cerium (28 × 10–6, 65 × 10–6 and 150 × 10–6) on inclusions in a high-carbon chromium bearing steel at different stages (before adding cerium, after adding cerium for 1, 5, 10 min and ingot) were studied using laboratory experiments. An automatic scanning electron microscope system with energy-dispersive spectroscopy was used to analyze the amount, composition, size and morphology of inclusions in the steel at different stages. When the cerium content in the molten steel increased from 0 to 150 × 10–6, the evolution sequence of inclusions was as follows: Al2O3 → CeAl11O18 →  CeAlO3 → Ce2O2S. After 28 × 10–6 cerium was added, Al2O3 inclusions were modified into CeAl11O18 inclusions in the molten steel and then were further transformed into Al2O3 and CeAlO3 inclusions in the solid steel during cooling. With the addition of 65 × 10–6 cerium, inclusions in the molten steel were modified into CeAlO3 and a small number of Ce2O2S inclusions. When the addition amount of cerium increased to 150 × 10–6, inclusions were transformed to Ce2O2S. The size of inclusions in the molten steel decreased obviously with cerium addition. On the other hand, the size of inclusions increased during the cooling process in solid steels of No. 1 steel (with 28 × 10–6 cerium) and No. 2 steel (with 65 × 10–6 cerium). During the cooling process, unmodified MnS inclusions were precipitated in the solid steel of No. 1 steel and wrapped outside the Al2O3 and CeAlO3 inclusions to form large complex inclusions. During the cooling process of No. 2 steel, the inclusion size of CeAlO3 increased due to the collision and polymerization. In the No. 3 steel (with 150 × 10–6 cerium), the average size of inclusions decreased rapidly and remained at a lower size during the cooling process, which was beneficial to improving the fatigue life of the steel.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the support from the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (Grant No. E2021203062), S&T Program of Hebei (Grant No. 20311006D) and the High Steel Center (HSC) at North China University of Technology, Yanshan University and University of Science and Technology Beijing.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China

    Hao Li

  2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, Hebei, China

    Qiang Ren

  3. School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, 100144, China

    Li-feng Zhang

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  1. Hao Li
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Correspondence to Qiang Ren or Li-feng Zhang.

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Li, H., Ren, Q. & Zhang, Lf. Effect of cerium addition on non-metallic inclusions in a high-carbon chromium bearing steel. J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 30, 2254–2266 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-022-00887-0

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