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Saponin-mediated synthesis of hydroxyapatite by hydrothermal method: characteristics, bioactivity, and antimicrobial behavior

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Abstract

Hydroxyapatite- (HAp) and saponin-mediated hydroxyapatite (Sap-HAp) were synthesized by hydrothermal method. The rationale behind the choice of saponin is due to its good biological properties and its ability to serve as a surfactant. Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate were used as the precursors and the concentration of saponin was varied from 0.5 to 5 g. Hydrothermal treatment was performed at 200 °C for 5 h. The HAp and Sap-HAp’s were characterized for their morphological features, elemental composition, structural characteristics, and nature of functional groups. In addition, in vitro bioactivity and antimicrobial activity of these samples were also evaluated. HAp exhibits nanorod-shaped morphology with varying length. The length of the nanorods is decreased significantly for Sap-HAp’s prepared using 0.5, 1, and 3 g of saponin. Nevertheless, the particle size distribution is uniform for these samples when compared to that of the HAp. Sap-HAp prepared using 5 g of saponin exhibits a totally different morphology with acicular structure. HAp and Sap-HAp’s consist of phase pure hydroxyapatite while the crystallite size and degree of crystallinity is decreased for the Sap-HAp’s. Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirm the presence of peaks pertaining to hydroxyl, phosphate, and carbonate groups in all the samples while a decrease in intensity of these peaks is observed for Sap-HAp’s when compared to that of the HAp. Sap-HAp’s shows a better bioactivity in terms of apatite formation after immersion in simulated body fluid at 37 °C for 21 days than the HAp. HAp fails to display any measurable zone of growth against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. The Sap-HAp’s did not show any sign of inhibition against the growth of S. aureus while they are effective against the growth of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Director, National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NCNSNT), University of Madras, Chennai, India, for providing FE-SEM/EDS facilities for characterization and Mr. N. Karthikeyan, CAS in botany, University of Madras, Chennai, India, for his help in performing the antimicrobial studies.

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  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India

    Subha Balakrishnan, Abinaya Rajendran & Ravichandran Kulandaivelu

  2. Department of Dental Biomaterials and Institute of Biodegradable Materials, Institute of Oral Biosciences and Brain Korea 21 Plus project, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, South Korea

    Sankara Narayanan T. S. Nellaiappan

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Balakrishnan, S., Rajendran, A., Kulandaivelu, R. et al. Saponin-mediated synthesis of hydroxyapatite by hydrothermal method: characteristics, bioactivity, and antimicrobial behavior. J Aust Ceram Soc 55, 953–967 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-019-00307-9

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