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Evaluation of seawater dynamics toward land using hydro-chemical analysis along the Bagerhat coast of Bangladesh

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Abstract

Subterranean and surface water resources play a vital role in socio-economic development, but increasing salinity is continuously creating a noticeable threat to the life of the coastal people. The current study was carried out to understand the salinity condition at the Bagerhat coastal region. The analysis was done by hydro-chemical analysis using ionic ratio methods and graphical illustration. The Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) water sample’s data on electric conductance (EC) and chloride percentage of Rupsha–Porsha station (SW-244) shows a rising dynamic trend from 2001 to 2011. To understand the saline water distribution, a total of 31 water samples [surface water (SW) 16 and groundwater (GW) 15] were collected for this study. Major cations such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, and major anions, for instance, Cl−, HCO3−, SO42−, NO3−, and Br− were assessed and compared with the international safety standard. The correlation matrix and principal component analysis (PCA) show that one dissolved element has a strong to moderate correlation with other ions. However, K+, Mg2+, HCO3−, and TDS do not correlate with the dissolved elements. Results of ionic ratio, for example, Na+/Cl−, K+/Cl−, Mg2+/Cl−, SO42−/Cl−, HNO3−/Cl−, and Br−/Cl− show that the existence of brackish and saline water is gradually increasing. Higher levels of Cl− and TDS show that seawater encroachment has taken place in this area. The comparison was carried out using a cumulative threshold of HCO3−, Cl−, and Br− values 387.15 mg/l, 170.02 mg/l, and 3.52 mg/l for GW, and 124.3 mg/l, 535.98 mg/l, and 57.39 mg/l for SW, respectively. The result showed that 50% GW samples and 86.67% SW samples were affected by salinity. On the other hand, the threshold values of Cl− and HCO3− indicated that 62.5% GW and 73.33% SW were influenced by rock–water and seawater interaction, whereas 18.25% GW and 26.66% SW were affected by anthropogenic activities.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our thanks to Md. Shahdat Hossain for his cordial assistance in analyzing samples in the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) laboratory without any cost. He supported us and gave valuable advice during our research work.

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  1. Department of Geology and Mining, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

    Md Mahabub Arefin Chowdhury, Khondaker Emamul Haque & Riad Arefin

  2. Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA

    Md Mahabub Arefin Chowdhury

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Chowdhury, M.M.A., Haque, K.E. & Arefin, R. Evaluation of seawater dynamics toward land using hydro-chemical analysis along the Bagerhat coast of Bangladesh. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 9, 133 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-023-00911-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-023-00911-5

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