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Cell Death: a Molecular Perspective

  • Molecular Biology of Cell Death and Aging (N Razdan and N Muhammad, Section Editors)
  • Published:
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Abstract

One of the vital aspects of a cell is cell death to continue their normal cell turnover, propagation, proper development, and the maintenance of the immune system. Cell death is an essential process in the body as it promotes the removal of unwanted cells. It is the programmed culling of cells in entire eukaryotic development processes to survive and progress for the next generation. Molecular aberration in the process of apoptosis may have pathological manifestations, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune disease, and ischemic damage. Classically, cell death is categorized primarily into four different types: apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and entosis; depending on cellular and molecular signatures governing the pathway involved. The purpose of this review is to compare and contrast the recent literature on cell death and to familiarize with the current state of knowledge on this topic. In summary, the hallmarks of various modes of cell death are thoroughly explained along with the other types of cell death such as ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and lysosomal-dependent cell death.

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Abbreviations

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DAMPs:

Damage-associated molecular patterns

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

NK:

Natural killer cells

PCD:

Programmed cell death

IAP:

Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins

BIR:

Baculovirus IAP repeat

RING:

C-terminal Ring zinc-finger domain

CARD:

Caspase recruitment domain

UBC:

C-terminal ubiquitin-conjugating domain

LIMP:

Lysosomal integral membrane protein

LAMP:

Lysosomal associated membrane protein

LMP:

Lysosomal membrane permeabilization

Hsp70:

Heat shock protein 70

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

ADCD:

Autophagy-dependent cell death

RIPK:

Receptor-interacting protein kinase

MLKL:

Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein

CrmA:

Cytokine response modifier

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

FADD:

Fas-associated death domain

BID:

BH3-interacting domain death agonist

MON-P53:

Metal organic network-P53

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

FAK:

Focal adhesion kinase

Mcl-1:

Myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1

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Acknowledgements

The authors are very grateful to Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at the Majmaah University for their support and contribution to this study. Qamar Zia would like to thank Department of Medical Laboratories, Majmaah University, Majmaah, KSA, for providing the facility while Azfar Jamal acknowledge the College of Science, Department of Biology, Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah, KSA, for providing the support and facility to complete this work. Asim Azhar would like to acknowledge the director and principal of Aligarh College of Education, Aligarh for logistic support to carry out the research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Health and Basic Science Research Centre, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia

    Qamar Zia & Azfar Jamal

  2. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia

    Qamar Zia

  3. Aligarh College of Education, Aligarh, UP, India

    Asim Azhar

  4. Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India

    Nazia Hassan, Pooja Jain, Mohd. Aamir Mirza & Asgar Ali

  5. Department of Pharmaceutics, SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India

    Manvi Singh

  6. International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Shaista Parveen

  7. Department of Physiotherapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia

    Shahnaz Hasan

  8. Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia

    Abdulaziz S. Alothaim & Azfar Jamal

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This article is part of the Topical Collection on Molecular Biology of Cell Death and Aging

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Zia, Q., Azhar, A., Hassan, N. et al. Cell Death: a Molecular Perspective. Curr Mol Bio Rep 7, 41–66 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40610-021-00146-3

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