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Temperature and torque in FSSW of steel sheets: experimental measurements and modelling

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Abstract

The torque and temperature evolutions with process parameters in friction stir spot welding (FSSW) of steels were determined and modelled in this work. Four base materials, including two mild steels (DC01 and DC05) and two high-strength steels (HC420 and DP600), were welded using tungsten carbide pinless tools. The relationship between the thermo-mechanical conditions developed during welding and the process parameters was analysed by performing temperature and torque measurements. Tool damage was assessed and related with the welding time. It was found that both the tool diameter and the rotational speed have a strong influence on the torque and temperature in FSSW. Additionally, a maximum threshold temperature of 1100 °C was registered for all the steels tested. It was also observed that, while for the lower strength steels, the temperature evolves with the process parameters, for the higher-strength steels, the welding temperature remains close to the threshold value, independent of the process parameters. This shows the important influence of the base material properties on the heat generation. Analytical models to predict the torque and temperature from FSSW process parameters were developed, calibrated and validated using the experimental data.

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Funding

This research is sponsored by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) under the R&D Unit Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE), under reference UIDB/04029/2020; the Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE), under reference UIDB/00285/2020; and by the project Friction 4.0 (POCI-01–0145-FEDER-032089).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Coimbra, ISISE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal

    David Gomes Andrade & Dulce Maria Rodrigues

  2. University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, Mechanical Engineering Department, Coimbra, Portugal

    Sree Sabari, Ivan Galvão & Carlos Leitão

  3. ISEL, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal

    Ivan Galvão

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  1. David Gomes Andrade
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  2. Sree Sabari
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  3. Ivan Galvão
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  4. Carlos Leitão
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  5. Dulce Maria Rodrigues
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Correspondence to Dulce Maria Rodrigues.

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Andrade, D.G., Sabari, S., Galvão, I. et al. Temperature and torque in FSSW of steel sheets: experimental measurements and modelling. Weld World 67, 341–352 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-022-01418-x

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