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Comparison and interpretation of isotherm models for the adsorption of dyes, proteins, antibiotics, pesticides and heavy metal ions on different nanomaterials and non-nano materials—a comprehensive review

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Abstract

Adsorption is most commonly applied in water treatment, gas purification/separation, catalysis, etc. It is a very simple and inexpensive technique. However, the performance depends on the type of adsorbent and its dosage. Researchers across the world keep seeking low-cost and more effective adsorbents. As a result, millions of research publications on adsorption have been published yearly. Most of these publications report the synthesis of new adsorbents from various sources and their application in the remediation of several inorganic and organic pollutants from water bodies. Researchers attempt to fit their experimental results with various isotherm models to understand the adsorption mechanism. Some researchers fit data into linear isotherm models, while others add non-linear isotherm models for estimating the isotherm parameters. The fit of isotherm models differs for various adsorbents and contaminants. The present paper is comprehensive review compiling information on isotherm models that explain the intrinsic mechanisms of adsorptive removal of pollutants such as antibiotics, dyes, proteins, pesticides and heavy metal ions. Furthermore, a detailed characteristic property of numerous cationic dyes, anionic dyes, proteins, antibiotics, pesticides and heavy metal ions was also discussed. It is observed that based on the literature reviewed, it was found that the adsorption equilibrium data of cationic dyes and anionic dyes were well defined with the Langmuir model. Additionally, in the case of the adsorption of proteins, antibiotics and heavy metal ions, the Langmuir model is well matched among all applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Young Researchers and Elite Club, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Mostafa Rajabi

  2. Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland

    Shadi Keihankhadiv

  3. Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, 249404, India

    Suhas, Monika Chaudhary & Shubham Chaudhary

  4. Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 700 053, India

    Inderjeet Tyagi

  5. Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Mukim Gadong, BE1410, Brunei

    Rama Rao Karri & Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak

  6. Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Praveen Kumar

  7. Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India

    Pratibha Singh

  8. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran

    Mostafa Rajabi

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  1. Mostafa Rajabi
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Contributions

MR, S, IT: conceptualization; project administration; and supervision. MR, S, RRK, MC, SC, PK: data curation; formal analysis; software; visualization. IT, RRK, S, SK, PS, NMM: investigation; methodology, software, validation; visualization. All authors: writing—original draft; writing—review and editing.

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Rajabi, M., Keihankhadiv, S., Suhas et al. Comparison and interpretation of isotherm models for the adsorption of dyes, proteins, antibiotics, pesticides and heavy metal ions on different nanomaterials and non-nano materials—a comprehensive review. J Nanostruct Chem 13, 43–65 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-022-00509-x

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