Abstract
Riverine surface sediments are known to be important sources and sinks for different variables like metals, organic carbon and nutrients. This paper presents the surface sediment quality of the Red River which was monitored for nine trace metal elements, total organic carbon and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and silica) during four sampling campaigns in 2019. The results showed that Fe and As concentrations were higher than the allowed values of the Vietnam National technical regulation on the surface sediment quality QCVN 43:2017/BTNMT. Trace metal element concentrations were, from highest to lowest, Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Pb > Cr > As > Cd > Hg. The geoaccumulation index and the enrichment factor values revealed that the Red River sediments were polluted by As; moderately polluted by Cu, Pb, Cd, and Hg; and uncontaminated by other metals (Mn, Cr and Zn). For other variables, total organic carbon (0.43 ± 0.31%), total nitrogen (0.09 ± 0.04%), and total phosphorus (0.060 ± 0.018%) were low in comparison with other urban rivers, whereas total silica (29.93 ± 4.52%) seemed to be high. Spatially, the lowest values of most variables were observed at the Hoa Binh site, where human population and activities are lowest and when discharge was highest. In contrast, most variables were highest at the Ba Lat site where the human activities clearly impacted on the Red River. These results indicate that the Red River sediment is affected by a combination of natural characteristics and human activities in the basin.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
Data can be made available from the corresponding author upon request.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Amato R, Hein D (2014) Southeast Asia climate analysis and modelling framework. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/metofficegovuk/pdf/business/international/southeast_asia_climate_analysis_and_modelling_framework.pdf
APHA (2017) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Edited by Baird RB, Eaton AD and Rice EW. 23 edn. American Public Health Association, Washington
Barton AP, Fullen MA, Mitchell DJ, Hocking TJ, Liu L, Wu Bo Z, Zheng Y, Xia ZY (2004) Effects of soil conservation measures on erosion rates and crop productivity on subtropical Ultisols in Yunnan Province, China. Agric Ecosyst Environ 104:343–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.034
Berg M, Stengel C, Trang PTK, Pham HV, Sampton ML, Leng M (2007) Magnitude of arsenic pollution in the Mékong and Red River Deltas-Cambodia and Vietnam. Sci Total Environ 327:413–425
Bhuyan MdS, Bakar MA, Rashed-Un-Nabi Md, Senapathi V, Chung SY, Islam MdS (2019) Monitoring and assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediment of the Old Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh. Appl Water Sci 9:125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1004-y
Boreysza K, Fabrritius B, Laures C (2006) Arsenic pollution of ground water in Bangladesh. Appl Hydrogeol 15:241–251
Brailsford FL, Glanville HC, Golyshin PN, Johnes PJ, Yates CA, Jones DL (2019) Microbial uptake kinetics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compound groups from river water and sediments. Sci Rep 9:11229. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47749-6
Butturini A, Sabater F (1999) Importance of transient storage zones for ammonium and phosphate retention in a sandy-bottom Mediterranean stream. Freshw Biol 41:593–603
Cenci RM, Martin J-M (2004) Concentration and fate of trace metals in Mekong River Delta. Sci Total Environ 332:167–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.018
Chabukdhara M, Nema AK (2012) Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Hindon River sediments: a chemometric and geochemical approach. Chemosphere 87:945–953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.055
Chinadata (1998) Statistical yearbook of Yunnan. China Statistical Publishing House, Beijing (Basic Information of Yunnan, China). http://chinadatacenter.org
Dahm CN, Grimm NB, Marmonier P, Valett HM, Vervier P (1998) Nutrient dynamics at the interface between surface waters and ground waters. Freshw Biol 40:427–451
Dan SF, Liu S-M, Yang B, Udoh EC, Umoh U, Ewa-Oboho I (2019) Geochemical discrimination of bulk organic matter in surface sediments of the Cross River estuary system and adjacent shelf, South East Nigeria (West Africa). Sci Total Environ 678:351–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.422
Dang TH (2011) Erosion and transfers of suspended solids, carbon and metals in the Red River watershed from the China-Vietnam border to the entry of the Delta. PhD thesis. Universite Bordeaux I. 352 pp
Dang TH, Coynel A, Orange D, Blanc G, Etcheber H, Le LA (2010) Long-term monitoring (1960–2008) of the river-sediment transport in the Red River Watershed (Vietnam): temporal variability and dam-reservoir impact. Sci Total Environ 408:4654–4664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.007
Deborde J, Anschutz P, Chaillou G, Etcheber H, Commarieu M-V, Lecroart P, Abril G (2007) The dynamics of phosphorus in turbid estuarine systems: example of the Gironde estuary (France). Limnol Oceanogr 52:862–872. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.2.0862
Dhamodharan A, Abinandan S, Aravind U et al (2019) Distribution of metal contamination and risk indices assessment of surface sediments from Cooum River, Chennai, India. Int J Environ Res 13:853–860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-019-00222-8
Dong Y, Li Y, Kong F, Zhang J, Xi M (2020) Source, structural characteristics and ecological indication of dissolved organic matter extracted from sediments in the primary tributaries of the Dagu River. Ecol Ind 109:105776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105776
DONRE-LaoCai (Department of Natural resource and Environment of Lao Cai province) (2011) Observation of water quality statement of the Red River, section through Lao Cai province. Monthly report of DONRE-LaoCai
Du Laing G, De Vos R, Vandecasteele B, Lesage E, Tack FMG, Verloo MG (2008) Effect of salinity on heavy metal mobility and availability in intertidal sediments of the Scheldt estuary. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 77:589–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.10.017
Economou-Eliopoulos M, Vacondios I (1995) Geochemistry of chromitites and host rocks from the Pindos ophiolite complex, northwestern Greece. Chem Geol 122:99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)00154-Z
Gaillardet J, Dupré B, Allègre CJ (1999) Geochemistry of large river suspended sediments: silicate weathering or recycling tracer? Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63:4037–4051. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00307-5
Ghsoub M, Fakhri M, Courp T, Khalaf G, Buscail R, Ludwig W (2020) River signature over coastal area (Eastern Mediterranean): grain size and geochemical analyses of sediments. Reg Stud Mar Sci 35:101169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101169
Goel PK (2006) Water pollution: causes, effects and control. New Age International, New Delhi
Ho HH, Swennen R, Cappuyns V, Vassilieva E, Neyens G, Rajabali M, Van Tran T (2013) Assessment on pollution by heavy metals and arsenic based on surficial and core sediments in the Cam River Mouth, Haiphong Province, Vietnam. Soil Sediment Contam Int J 22:415–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2013.733445
Huang S, Tu J, Jin Y et al (2018) Contamination assessment and source identification of heavy metals in river sediments in Nantong, Eastern China. Int J Environ Res 12:373–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-018-0097-8
Huang Z, Liu C, Zhao X, Dong J, Zheng B (2020) Risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediment at the drinking water source of the Xiangjiang River in South China. Environ Sci Eur 32:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00305-w
IPCC (2021) Summary for policymakers. In: Masson-Delmotte VP, Zhai A, Pirani SL, Connors C, Péan S, Berger N, Caud Y, Chen L, Goldfarb MI, Gomis M, Huang K, Leitzell E, Lonnoy JBR, Matthews TK, Maycock T, Waterfield O, Yelekçi R, Yu, Zhou B (eds) Climate change 2021: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. In press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf
Islam MS, Han S, Ahmed MK, Masunaga S (2014) Assessment of trace metal contamination in water and sediment of some rivers in Bangladesh. J Water Environ Technol 12:109–121. https://doi.org/10.2965/jwet.2014.109
Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Raknuzzaman M, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Islam MK (2015) Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment: a preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country. Ecol Indic 48:282–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.016
Karageorgis AP, Nikolaidis NP, Karamanos H, Skoulikidis N (2003) Water and sediment quality assessment of the Axios River and its coastal environment. Cont Shelf Res 23:1929–1944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2003.06.009
Laws EA (2017) Aquatic pollution: an introductory text, 4th edn. Wiley, Hoboken
Le KT (2008) Study on the scientific basis and practical management of water supply in dry season for the Red River Delta. Final report of the national project
Le TPQ, Billen G, Garnier J, Chau VM (2015) Long-term biogeochemical functioning of the Red River (Vietnam): past and present situations. Reg Environ Change 15:329–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0646-4
Le TPQ et al (2017) Total organic carbon fluxes of the Red River system (Vietnam): TOC fluxes of the Red River. Earth Surf Proc Land 42:1329–1341. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4107
Le TPQ, Le ND, Dao VN, Rochelle-Newall E, Nguyen TMH, Marchand C, Duong TT, Phung TXB (2018) Change in carbon flux (1960–2015) of the Red River (Vietnam). Environ Earth Sci 77:658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7851-2
Le ND, Le TPQ, Phung TXB, Duong TT, Didier O (2020) Impact of hydropower dam on total suspended sediment and total organic nitrogen fluxes of the Red River (Vietnam). Proc Int Assoc Hydrol Sci 383:367–374. https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-367-2020
Lefebvre S, Marmonier P, Pinay G, Bour O, Aquilina L, Baudry J (2005) Nutrient dynamics in interstitial habitats of low-order rural streams with different bedrock geology. Arch Hydrobiol 164:169–191
Li X, Wang Y, Li B, Feng C, Chen Y, Shen Z (2013) Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Yangtze estuary and coastal areas. Environ Earth Sci 69:1537–1547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1988-1
Li X, Zhang Z, Wade TL, Knap AH, Zhang CL (2017) Sources and compositional distribution of organic carbon in surface sediments from the lower Pearl River to the coastal South China Sea: biogeochemistry of the Pearl River. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 122:2104–2117. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG003981
Li M, Zhang Q, Sun X, Karki K, Zeng C, Pandey A, Rawat B, Zhang F (2020) Heavy metals in surface sediments in the trans-Himalayan Koshi River catchment: distribution, source identification and pollution assessment. Chemosphere 244:125410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125410
Liu C, Xu J, Liu C, Zhang P, Dai M (2009) Heavy metals in the surface sediments in Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River, China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 82:26–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-008-9563-x
Ludwig W, Probst JL, Kempe S (1996) Predicting the oceanic input of organic carbon by continental erosion. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 10(1):23–41
Maazouzi C, Claret C, Dole-Olivier MJ, Marmonier P (2013) Nutrient dynamics in river bed sediments: effects of hydrological disturbances using experimental flow manipulations. J Soils Sediments 13(1):207–219
Mali SS, Sanyal SK, Bhatt BP, Pathak H (2015) Water pollution and agriculture. In: Pathak H, Bhatt BP, Gupta SK (eds) State of Indian agriculture-water. National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi, pp 39–47
Manno E, Varrica D, Dongarrà G (2006) Metal distribution in road dust samples collected in an urban area close to a petrochemical plant at Gela, Sicily. Atmos Environ 40:5929–5941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.020
Marcussen H, Dalsgaard A, Holm PE (2008) Content, distribution and fate of 33 elements in sediments of rivers receiving wastewater in Hanoi, Vietnam. Environ Pollut 155:41–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.11.001
Marmonier P, Fontvieille D, Gibert J, Vanek V (1995) Distribution of dissolved organic carbon and bacteria at the interface between the Rhône River and its alluvial aquifer. J N Am Bentholl Soc 14:382–392
Martin J-M, Meybeck M (1979) Elemental mass-balance of material carried by major world rivers. Mar Chem 7:173–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(79)90039-2
Martínez CE, McBride MB (1999) Dissolved and labile concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in aged ferrihydrite−organic matter systems. Environ Sci Technol 33:745–750. https://doi.org/10.1021/es980576c
Meybeck M (1987) Global chemical weathering of surficial rocks estimated from river dissolved load. Am J Sci 287:401–428
MONRE (Vietnam Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources) (1950–2015) Report annual on hydrological observation in Vietnam, 1960–2015. Hanoi, Vietnam
MONRE (Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment) (2009) National report on Environment statement in 2009: environment in industrial zones in Vietnam. Environmental Resources and Map of Vietnam, Hanoi
MONRE (Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment) (2017) National Technical Regulation on Sediment Quality QCVN 43:2017/BTNMT. http://vea.gov.vn. Accessed 3 June 2020
MONRE (Vietnam Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment) (2019) National report on environment statement in 2018: water environment in river basins. Environmental Resources and Map of Vietnam, Hanoi
Moon S, Huh Y, Qin J, Nguyen VP (2007) Chemical weathering in the Hong (Red) River basin: Rates of silicate weathering and theircontrolling factors. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 71:1411–1430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.12.004
Muller G (1969) Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. GeoJournal 2:108–118
Nguyen VB (2013) Improving the efficiency of fertilizer use in Vietnam. Presented at the Improve efficiency of fertilizer management and use in Vietnam. Can Tho, Vietnam. 13–42 pp
Nguyen TLH, Otsubo M, Li L, Higashi T (2007) Mobility of heavy metals in the sediment of the To Lich River and the Kim Nguu River in Hanoi City. J Fac Agric Kyushu Univ 52:179–185. https://doi.org/10.5109/9303
Nguyen MP, Kang Y, Sakurai K, Iwasaki K, Chu NK, Nguyen VN, Le TS (2010) Levels and chemical forms of heavy metals in soils from Red River Delta, Vietnam. Water Air Soil Pollut 207:319–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0139-0
Nguyen TT, Tran DQ, Amano A, Hamaoka H, Tanabe S, Mai TN, Omori K (2012) Historical profiles of trace element concentrations in mangrove sediments from the Ba Lat estuary, Red River, Vietnam. Water Air Soil Pollut 223:1315–1330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-0947-x
Nguyen TBN, Nguyen TMH, Nguyen BT, Vu DA, Duong TT, Ho TC, Le TPQ (2015a) Preliminary monitoring results on contents of some heavy metals in the Red River system, Vietnam. J Sci Technol 53:64–76
Nguyen TT, Yoneda M, Shimada Y, Matsui Y (2015b) Assessment of trace metal contamination and exchange between water and sediment systems in the To Lich River in inner Hanoi, Vietnam. Environ Earth Sci 73:3925–3936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3678-7
Nguyen TTH, Zhang W, Li Z, Li J, Ge C, Liu J, Bai X, Feng H, Yu L (2016) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in Red River surface sediments, Vietnam. Mar Pollut Bull 113:513–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.030
Nguyen TO, Vu VT, Do TH, Hoang VH, Vu VD, Ha ST (2018a) Assessment of heavy metals pollution in sediment in the Pô Kô River, Kon Tum province, Vietnam. Environ Adm Mag 1:43–47
Nguyen VP, Mai H, Nguyen TH (2018b) Assessment of metal pollution (Cu, Pb, Cr) and As in Soai Rap estuary, Sai Gon - Dong Nai river system, Vietnam. Environ Adm Mag 1:26–30
Niessen S, Mikac N, Fischer JC (1999) Microwave-assisted determination of total mercury and methylmercury in sediment and porewater. Analusis 27:871–875. https://doi.org/10.1051/analusis:1999156
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) (1999) Screening quick reference tables (SquiRTs), http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/cpr/sediment/squirt/squirt.html
Pandey M, Tripathi S, Pandey AK, Tripathi BD (2014) Risk assessment of metal species in sediments of the river Ganga. CATENA 122:140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.06.012
Pandey LK, Park J, Son DH, Kim W, Islam MS, Choi S, Lee H, Han T (2019) Assessment of metal contamination in water and sediments from major rivers in South Korea from 2008 to 2015. Sci Total Environ 651:323–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.057
Pansu M, Gautheyrou J (1998) Handbook of soil analysis: mineralogical, organic and inorganic methods. Springer, Berlin
Park JH, Inam E, Abdullah MH, Agustiyani D, Duan L, Hoang TT, Kim KW, Kim SD, Nguyen MH, Pekthong T, Sao V, Sarjiya A, Savathvong S, Sthiannopkao S, Syers JK, Wirojanagud W (2011) Implications of rainfall variability for seasonality and climate-induced risks concerning surface water quality in East Asia. J Hydrol 400(3–4):323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.01.050
Phung TD, Huynh TKT (2015) Study and assess the content of some heavy metals in bottom sediments of the Mekong River. J Sci Ho Chi Minh Pedagog Univ 9:119–129
Polizzotto ML, Harvey CF, Li G, Newville M, Fendorf S (2006) Solidphases and desorption processes of arsenic within Bangladesh sediments. Chem Geol 228(1–3):97–111
Pruski AM, Buscail R, Bourrin F, Vétion G (2019) Influence of coastal Mediterranean rivers on the organic matter composition and reactivity of continental shelf sediments: the case of the Têt River (Gulf of Lions, France). Cont Shelf Res 181:156–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.05.009
Rashid MdH, Fardous Z, Chowdhury MAZ, Alam MdK, Bari MdL, Moniruzzaman M, Gan SH (2016) Determination of heavy metals in the soils of tea plantations and in fresh and processed tea leaves: an evaluation of six digestion methods. Chem Cent J 10:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-016-0154-3
Ramesh R, Al R, Ramesh S, Purvaja R, Subramanian V (2000) Distribution of rare earth elements and heavy metals in the surficial sediments of the Himalayan river system. Geochem J 34:295–319. https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.34.295
Rudnick RL, Gao S (2003) Composition of the continental crust. In: Holland HD, Turekian KK (eds) Treatise on geochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/03016-4
Rulik M, Zavrelova P, Duchoslav M (2001) Decomposition of two different POM types in surface water and within hyporheic sediments of a small lowland stream (Sitka, Czech Republic). Int Rev Hydrobiol 86:487–500
Schmitt D, Saravia F, Frimmel FH, Schuessler W (2003) NOM-facilitated transport of metal ions in aquifers: importance of complex-dissociation kinetics and colloid formation. Water Res 37:3541–3550
Siqueira GW (2003) Study of heavy metals levels and other elements in surface sediments at the Santos Estuarine System and Shelf Coastal of the Amazon. PhD thesis, Sa˜o Paulo University, Instituto Oceanografico, Brazil, p 386 (in Portuguese)
Strady E, Dang VBH, Némery J, Guédron S, Dinh QT, Denis H, Nguyen PD (2017) Baseline seasonal investigation of nutrients and trace metals in surface waters and sediments along the Saigon River basin impacted by the megacity of Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam). Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:3226–3243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7660-7
Singh KP, Malik A, Sinha S, Singh VK, Murthy RC (2005) Estimation of source of heavy metal contamination in sediments of Gomti River (India) using Principal Component Analysis. Water Air Soil Pollut 166:321–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-5268-5
Singh H, Pandey R, Singh SK, Shukla DN (2017) Assessment of heavy metal contamination in the sediment of the River Ghaghara, a major tributary of the River Ganga in Northern India. Appl Water Sci 7:4133–4149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0572-y
Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1995) The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Rev Geophys 33:241. https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00262
Tran TC (2016) The Assessment of sediment quality and offers some measures to control in downstream Phan River in Binh Xuyen District, Vinh Phuc Province. VNU J Sci Earth Environ Sci 32:77–82
Trinh AD, Meysman F, Rochelle-Newall E, Bonnet MP (2012) Quantification of sediment-water interactions in a polluted tropical river through biogeochemical modeling. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 26:2010GB003963. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003963
Truong HT (2009) The effect of using fertilizers on the environment. E-portal of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. https://www.mard.gov.vn/Pages/anh-huong-cua-viec-su-dung-phan-bon-den-moi-truong-417.aspx
US EPA (2000). United States Geological Survey (USGS) final report for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO). Prediction of sediment toxicity using consensus-based freshwater sediment quality guidelines EPA 905/R-00/007 June 2000. https://archive.epa.gov/reg5sfun/ecology/web/pdf/91126.pdf, 33 pp
van Maren DS, Hoekstra P (2004) Seasonal variation of hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics in a shallow subtropical estuary: the Ba Lat River, Vietnam. Estuarine Coast Shelf Sci 60:529–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2004.02.011
Venkatesh M, Anshumali, (2020) Appraisal of the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the bed sediment of the Betwa River, Peninsular India. Int J Sedim Res 35:69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.07.003
Venkatramanan S, Chung S, Ramkumar T, Gnanachandrasamy G, Kim TH (2015) Evaluation of geochemical behavior and heavy metal distribution of sediments: the case study of the Tirumalairajan river estuary, southeast coast of India. Int J Sedim Res 30:28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6279(15)60003-8
Vervier P, Bonvallet-Garay S, Sauvage S, Valett HM, Sanchez-Perez JM (2009) Influence of the hyporheic zone on the phosphorus dynamics of a large gravel-bed river, Garonne River, France. Hydrol Process 23:1801–1812
Vu DV, Ouillon S, Tran DT, La VC (2014) Impact of the Hoa Binh dam (Vietnam) on water and sediment budgets in the Red River basin and delta. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18:3987–4005. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3987-2014
Walkley A, Black IA (1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37:29–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
Wei J, Duan M, Li Y, Nwankwegu AS, Ji Y, Zhang J (2019a) Concentration and pollution assessment of heavy metals within surface sediments of the Raohe Basin, China. Sci Rep 9:13100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49724-7
Wei X, Sauvage S, Le TPQ, Ouillon S, Orange D, Vinh VD, Sanchez-Perez J-M (2019b) A modeling approach to diagnose the impacts of global changes on discharge and suspended sediment concentration within the Red River Basin. Water 11:958. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11050958
Wijesiri B, Liu A, Deilami K, He B, Hong N, Yang B, Zhao X, Ayoko G, Goonetilleke A (2019) Nutrients and metals interactions between water and sediment phases: an urban river case study. Environ Pollut (barking, Essex) 251:354–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.018
XLSTAT Addinsoft (2019) XLSTAT statistical and data analysis solution. Addinsoft, Boston
Yuan X, Zhang L, Li J, Wang C, Ji J (2014) Sediment properties and heavy metal pollution assessment in the river, estuary and lake environments of a fluvial plain, China. CATENA 119:52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.03.008
Zhang C, Yu Z, Zeng G, Jiang M, Yang Z, Cui F, Zhu M, Shen L, Hu L (2014) Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environ Int 73:270–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.010
Zhang H, Huo S, Yeager KM, Xi B, Zhang J, Hea Z, Ma C, Wu F (2018) Accumulation of arsenic, mercury and heavy metals in lacustrine sediment in relation to eutrophication: impacts of sources and climate change. Ecol Ind 93:771–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.05.059
Zhao G, Ye S, Yuan H, Ding X, Wang J, Laws EA (2018) Surface sediment properties and heavy metal contamination assessment in river sediments of the Pearl River Delta, China. Mar Pollut Bull 136:300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.035
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the financial supports of Vietnam's National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED-Vietnam) for Project No. 105.08-2018.317 (Le Thi Phuong Quynh) and the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) for the Project CRRP2019-10MY-Le.
Funding
This study was financially supported by the Vietnam’s National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) (Project No. 105.08-2018.317), the Asia–Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) (Project CRRP2019-10MYLe).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
TPQL and NDL contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by TPQL, NDL, TTHH, ER-N, TAHN, LMD, TTD, TMHP, TDN, TXBP, TQTN, THV, PTL, and VPP. The first draft of the manuscript was written by TPQL and NDL, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests that are relevant to the article content.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Samareh Mirkia.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Le, T.P.Q., Le, N.D., Hoang, T.T.H. et al. Surface sediment quality of the Red River (Vietnam): impacted by anthropogenic and natural factors. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 12477–12496 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-03936-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-03936-z