Abstract
This work reports the bio-fabrication of silver-silver chloride nanoparticles by using aqueous Annona muricata leaf extract. Using UV–visible spectrophotometer, the presence of nanoparticles was observed around 420 nm. Further characterized for their physicochemical properties by employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction, field emission-scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The anti-bacterial potential against Escherichia coli (9.86 ± 0.24 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (10.05 ± 0.17 mm) was determined. Synergistic effect with standard antibiotics, minimum inhibition concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, growth kinetics and bacterial membrane disruption studies were also done to estimate the anti-bacterial potential of the synthesized nanoparticles. Nanoparticles exhibited better protein denaturation inhibition (58.54 ± 1.28 µg/mL), α-glucosidase inhibition (34.20 ± 2.08 µg/mL), α-amylase inhibition (45.86 ± 1.88 µg/mL) anti-oxidative (69.42 ± 4.15, 67.49 ± 3.05 and 67.49 ± 3.05 µg/mL) activities compared to leaf extract. Additionally, nanoparticles demonstrated their potential as nano-catalyst by degrading 97% of rhodamine-B under 60 min and 95% of methyl orange under 45 min in the presence of sodium borohydride. Eco-toxicity at the organism level was determined by performing brine shrimp toxicity assay. After 24 h exposure, less than 50% mortality was observed at 100 µg/mL concentration and greater than 80% mortality was observed at the concentrations greater than 40 µg/mL after 48 h exposure. The above findings suggest the potential of the nanoparticles synthesized to be used in dye degradation and biological applications.
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Authors thank the Director, National Institute of Technology, Warangal for providing the laboratory facilities. CSIR-UGC and MHRD for providing the fellowship.
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AV and NPPP have outlined the methodology, performed the experiments, analysed the data, and prepared the original draft. SD performed calculations and necessary schematic representations. SK and RRB supervised the research work, reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Velidandi, A., Pabbathi, N.P.P., Dahariya, S. et al. Bio-fabrication of silver-silver chloride nanoparticles using Annona muricata leaf extract: characterization, biological, dye degradation and eco-toxicity studies. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 6555–6572 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03461-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03461-5