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Sex/Gender Differences in Obesity Prevalence, Comorbidities, and Treatment

  • Psychological Issues (V Drapeau and V Ivezaj, Section Editors)
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Obesity is a heterogeneous condition, yet sex/gender is rarely considered in the prevention or clinical care of this disease. This review examined and evaluated recent literature regarding the influence of sex and gender on obesity prevalence, comorbidities, and treatment in adults.

Recent Findings

Obesity is more prevalent in women than men in most countries, but in some countries and population subgroups, this gap is more pronounced. Several obesity-related comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes and hypertension, demonstrate sex-specific pathways. Women, compared to men, are more likely to be diagnosed with obesity and seek and obtain all types of obesity treatment including behavioral, pharmacological, and bariatric surgery. Men tend to have greater absolute weight loss, but this difference is attenuated once accounting for baseline weight.

Summary

Obesity is a multifactorial condition with complex interactions among sex/gender, sociocultural, environmental, and physiological factors. More sex/gender research is needed to investigate mechanisms underlying sex/gender differences in prevalence, comorbidities, and treatment, identify ways to increase men’s interest and participation in obesity treatment, and examine differences in obesity prevalence and treatments for transgender and gender non-conforming individuals.

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Funding

AMC was supported, in part, by the National Institute of Nursing Research of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K23NR017209.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Ashley J. Cooper & Ariana M. Chao

  2. Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Sapana R. Gupta

  3. New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA

    Afaf F. Moustafa

  4. Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Ariana M. Chao

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  1. Ashley J. Cooper
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Correspondence to Ariana M. Chao.

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AMC reports grants from Eli Lilly and Company and WW International, Inc., outside the submitted work. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Cooper, A.J., Gupta, S.R., Moustafa, A.F. et al. Sex/Gender Differences in Obesity Prevalence, Comorbidities, and Treatment. Curr Obes Rep 10, 458–466 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-021-00453-x

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