Abstract
Inorganic fertilizers are widely used to provide crops with significant amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), but can exacerbate soil carbon (C) limitation and acidification. Crop residues with distinct ecological stoichiometry from inorganic fertilizers can help balance soil ecological stoichiometry and thus increase soil organic matter accumulation. The combined use of inorganic fertilizers and crop residues is expected to alleviate the metabolic limitations of organisms and enhance soil C, N, and P sequestration, hence increasing grain yields. However, the effects of this practice on soil C, N, and P stocks and grain yield remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of 806 paired data to investigate the impact of crop residue return combined with inorganic fertilizer on soil and grain yield across different land uses (paddy, upland, paddy-upland rotation) and soil profiles (0–60 cm). Our findings indicate that crop residue return significantly enhances soil C (8–13%) stocks across all soil layers, particularly in the topsoil (0–20 cm). Soil N (9%) and P (5%) stocks also increase significantly in the topsoil. In uplands, crop residue return can mitigate soil acidification and increase grain yield (by 7%). Moreover, the soil C and N stocks increase depending on the initial soil pH, C and N levels, and C:N ratio. In contrast, the soil P stock increase depends on rainfall, while the grain yield increase is closely linked to the soil texture and fertilizer rate. Our study highlights that crop residue return can increase topsoil C, N, and P stocks, which can benefit crop growth and environmental mitigation efforts. Furthermore, this practice can increase C stocks in deeper soil horizons (below 20 cm), providing a long-term solution to mitigate climate change.
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All data used in this study are available at Figshare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22707691).
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the editors-in-chief, processing associate editors, and reviewers for their valuable suggestions for improving the article.
Funding
Ji Liu is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42207107), the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISA2021101), and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Linchuan Fang is funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB40020202) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China (2020CFA013).
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Conceptualization: Ji Liu. Methodology: Ji Liu, Tianyi Qiu. Investigation: Ji Liu, Hai Wang. Visualization: Ji Liu. Supervision: Linchuan Fang, Ji Chen, Josep Penuelas. Writing—original draft: Ji Liu. Writing—review and editing: Ji Liu, Linchuan Fang, Tianyi Qiu, Ji Chen, Hai Wang, Muxing Liu, Jun Yi, Hailin Zhang, Cong Wang, Jordi Sardans, Li Chen, Min Huang, Josep Penuelas.
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Liu, J., Fang, L., Qiu, T. et al. Crop residue return achieves environmental mitigation and enhances grain yield: a global meta-analysis. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 43, 78 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-023-00928-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-023-00928-2