Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the possible use of phenolic compounds extracted from the new Korean apple cultivar Arisoo in cosmetics and food additives by examining its functional properties. We extracted and analyzed total phenolic content of Arisoo and Fuji apples to study their antioxidant, anti-wrinkle, and anti-diabetic properties. Water- and ethanol-extracted phenolic compound yields were 1.84 and 2.14 mg/g fresh weight, respectively. In the antioxidant test, 100 μg/mL of water- and ethanol-extracted phenolic compounds (WEP and EEP), respectively, showed (1) scavenging activity of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical by 91.86% and 87.44%; (2) antioxidant protection factors of 2.80 and 1.79; and (3) the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, as tested by a thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay. Anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities were tested to assess the anti-wrinkle activity of the extracts. WEP and EEP inhibited 12.46% and 51.56% of the elastase activity and 36.93% and 91.74% of the collagenase activity, respectively. The inhibitory activities of WEP and EEP on yeast α-glucosidase were tested to assess their anti-diabetic activities. WEP and EEP from Arisoo apples inhibited 83.92% and 100.0% of the α-glucosidase activity, whereas those from Fuji apples inhibited 63.33% and 92.84%, respectively, suggesting that Arisoo extracts have better anti-diabetic activity. Taken together, the extracts from Arisoo apples exhibited better antioxidant, anti-wrinkle, and anti-diabetic activities than did the extracts of Fuji apples.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
References
Andarwulan N, Shetty K (1999) Phenolic content in differentiated tissue cultures of untransformed and agrobacterium-transformed roots of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). J Agric Food Chem 47:1776–1780
Blois MS (1958) Antioxidant determination by the use of stable free radical. Nature 181:1199–1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0
Borrello S, Seccia A, Galeotti T, Bartoli GM, Farallo E, Serri F (1984) Protective enzymes in human epidermal carcinomas and psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res 276:338–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00404630
Boyer J, Liu R (2004) Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutr J 3:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-3-5
Brodbeck U (1980) Enzyme inhibitors. Verlag chemie Publisher, Weinheim
Buege JA, Aust SD (1978) Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Method Enzymol 52:302–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(78)52032-6
Byun MW (2013) Immunomodulatory activities of apple seed extracts on macrophage. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 42:1513–1517. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2013.42.9.1513
Chae JW, Jo BS, Joo SH, Ahn DH, Chun SS, Cho YJ (2012) Biological and antimicrobial activity of Vaccinium oldhami fruit. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 41:1–6. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.1.001
Cheon JH (2015) Effects of Backhousia citriodora extracts on antioxidant activity and bone formation. MS Thesis. University of Silla, Busan, Korea, pp 4–6
Davidson PM, Parish ME (1989) Methods for testing the efficacy of food antimicrobials. Food Technol 43:148–155
Farag RS, Badei AZMA, Hewedi FM, El-Baroty GSA (1989) Antioxidant activity of some spice essential oils on linoleic acid oxidation in aqueous media. J Am Oil Chem Soc 66:792–799. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02653670
Folin O, Denis W (1912) On phoshotungstic-phosphomolybdic compounds as color reagents. J Biol Chem 12:239–243
Frei B (1994) Natural antioxidants in human health and disease. Academic Press Publisher, Cambridge, pp 40–55
Giacomoni PU, Rein G (2001) Factors of skin ageing share common mechanism. Biogerontol 2:219–229. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013222629919
Hanefeld M (1998) The role of acarbose in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complicat 12:228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1056-8727(97)00123-2
Hong HD, Kim SS, Kim KT, Choi HD (1999) Changes in quality of domestic apple juice concentrates during long-term storage. J Korean Soc Agric Chem Biotechnol 42:235–239
Jang MR, Jo CH, Kim GH (2017) Prenylflavonoid contents of five epimedii herba and their antioxidant activity in PC12 cells. Korean J Hortic Sci Technol 35:793–804. https://doi.org/10.12972/kjhst.20170083
Jeong HR, Jo YN, Jeong JH, Jin DE, Song BG, Hoe HJ (2011) Whitening and anti-wrinkle effects of apple extracts. Korean J Food Preserv 18:597–603. https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2011.18.4.597
Jin SY, Sim KH, Lee EJ, Gu HJ, Kim MH, Han YS, Park JS, Kim YH (2014) Changes in quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of apples during storage. Korean J Food Nutr 27:999–1005. https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2014.27.6.999
Jo BS, Cho YJ (2012) Biological activity of extracts from Acanthopanax sessiliflorum fruit. Korean J Food Preserv 19:586–593. https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2012.19.4.586
Kim TR, Whang HJ, Yoon KR (1996) Mineral contents of Korean apples and apple juices. Korean J Food Sci Technol 28:90–98
Kim MJ, Kim YG, Kim HS, Cheong C, Hang KH, Kang SA (2014) Effects of antioxidant activities in ethanol of apple peel, grape peel and sweet potato peel as natural antioxidant. J Korea Acad-Ind Coop Soc 15:3766–3773. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2014.15.6.3766
Kim JS, Moon YS, Kwak EJ (2018) Comparison of phenolic composition, content, and antioxidant activity in raspberries and blackberries. Korean J Hortic Sci Technol 36:115–127
Kraunsoe JA, Claridge TD, Lowe G (1996) Inhibition of human leukocyte and porcine pancreatic elastase by homologues of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Biochemistry 35:9090–9096. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi953013b
Kwon SE, Ahn SY, Park YS, Choi SJ, Yun HK (2019) Comparing antioxidant activity and stilbenic and flavonoid compounds for selecting Korean wild grapes useful for grape breeding. Korean J Hortic Sci Technol 37:264–278
Lee JY, An BJ (2012) Whitening and anti-wrinkling effects of fractions from Prunus persica Flos. Korean J Microbiol Biotechnol 40:364–370. https://doi.org/10.4014/kjmb.1207.07007
Lee SJ, Kwon YY, Cho SW, Kwon HS, Shin WC (2013) Effects of Ehwa Makgeolli containing oriental herbs on skin whitening and wrinkles. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 42:550–555. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2013.42.4.550
Lee EH, Lee SH, Cho YJ (2015) Biological activities of extracts from Cornus kousa fruit. J Appl Biol Chem 58:317–323. https://doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2015.050
Lee EH, Kim MU, Kang IK, Park KI, Cho YJ (2018) Inhibitory activities of extracts from Hypericum ascyron L. on biological enzymes. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 47:7–14
McDougall GJ, Stewart D (2005) The inhibitory effects of berry polyphenols on digestive enzymes. Bio Factors 23:189–195. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520230403
Park JY, Ryu HU, Shin HS, Lim HK, Son IC, Kim DI, Jeong HS, Lee JS (2012) Effects of CuEDTA and FeEDTA foliar spray on antioxidant activities of apple. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 41:1305–1309. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.9.1305
Park SY, Song IH, Cho YJ (2018) Elicitor treatment potentiates the preventive effect of Saururus chinensis leaves on stress-induced gastritis. Appl Biol Chem 61:423–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13765-018-0375-3
Pellegrini N, Re R, Yang M, Rice-Evans C (1999) Screening of dietary carotenoids and carotenoid-rich fruit extracts for antioxidant activities applying 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization assay. Methods Enzymol 299:379–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99037-7
Puls W, Keup U, Krause HP, Thomas G, Hoffmeister F (1977) Glucosidase inhibition. A new approach to the treatment of diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipoproteinemia. Naturwissenschaften 64:536–537
Tibbot BK, Skadsen RW (1996) Molecular cloning and characterization of a gibberellin-inducible, putative α-glucosidase gene from barley. Plant Mol Biol 30:229–241
Whang HJ, Kim SS, Yoon KR (2000) Analysis of organic acid in Korean apple juice by high performance liquid chromatography. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 29:181–187
Yang HJ, Kim YJ, Shin YJ (2017) Antioxidant compounds and activities of different organs of potted Cymbidium spp. grown in Korea. Korean J Hortic Sci Technol 35:647–655
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by a Grant from the 2017 Research Fund (PJ01245503) of the Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
YJC, EHL; Designed and performed experiments, analysed data and co-wrote the paper. JGY, SIK; Performed experiments and bioinformatic analyses. HWC; Supervised the research. IKK; Designed experiments and co-wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicting interests.
Additional information
Communicated by Heakeun Yun, Ph.D.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cho, YJ., Lee, EH., Yoo, J. et al. Analysis of functional properties in the new Korean apple cultivar Arisoo. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 60, 787–795 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-019-00167-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-019-00167-z