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The potential protective effects of citrus bergamot extract against amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats

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Abstract

Objective

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a major cause of kidney injury. Aminoglycosides, like amikacin, are effective gram-negative antibiotics. However, its distinct induction of nephrotoxicity is a problematic clinical issue. This study investigated the preventive benefits of citrus bergamot extract in rats with acute renal injury caused by amikacin.

Methods

Five groups of six rats each received treatments for nine days: Group 1, normal control group, was gavaged DW orally. Group 2, negative control group, was gavaged DW orally plus a toxic dose of amikacin (1.2 g/kg) intraperitoneally on day 7 of the research protocol. Group 3, comparison group, was given 100 mg/kg of citrus bergamot extract. Groups (4) and (5), tested groups, gavaged citrus bergamot extract (100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively) orally and a toxic dose of amikacin (1.2 g/kg) intraperitoneally on day 7. Groups (1) and (3) administered intraperitoneal saline on day 7 to mimic the other groups. Serum, urine, tissue indicators of oxidative stress and renal histopathology were used to characterize nephrotoxicity.

Results

The results showed that amikacin produced nephrotoxicity by increasing the weight of the rats' kidneys and a substantial increase in the urine beta2-microglobuline as well as serum traditional biomarkers for kidney injury, urea and creatinine. Additionally, amikacin markedly raises serum cytokine levels (IL-6). Amikacin, on the other hand, significantly lowered renal antioxidant activity as measured by changes in serum malondialdehyde levels and reduced glutathione activity in this experiment. This was reinforced by the existence of significant morphological changes in the kidney. Citrus bergamot extract was able to restore renal function, accompanied by significant improvements in the aforementioned parameters of kidney function, inflammation, and oxidative stress indicators, as well as an attenuation of histopathological change.

Conclusion

According to biochemical and histological studies, citrus bergamot extract counteracts the detrimental effects of amikacin on renal structure and function.

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Acknowledgements

The presented study was abstracted from M.Sc. thesis submitted to the College of Pharmacy, Basrah University/Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Authors thank the college for continuous support. This project did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Maysan Health Department, Maysan Center for Cardiac Diseases and Surgery, Ministry of Health, Maysan, Iraq

    Fatima F. Dari

  2. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq

    Ausama Ayob Jaccob & Muhsin S. G. AL-Moziel

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  1. Fatima F. Dari
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  2. Ausama Ayob Jaccob
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Correspondence to Ausama Ayob Jaccob.

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Conflict of interest

Fatima. F. Dari, Ausama Ayob Jaccob, and Muhsin S.G. AL-Moziel declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

Animal experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines established by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Permission for these experiments was obtained by the Animal Ethics Committee of the College of Pharmacy at the University of Basra in October 2021, 3/5/293.

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Dari, F.F., Jaccob, A.A. & AL-Moziel, M.S.G. The potential protective effects of citrus bergamot extract against amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. 15, 9–17 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-022-00147-4

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