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KLF15 in breast cancer: a novel tumor suppressor?

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Abstract

Purpose

Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) is a transcription factor that is involved in various biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation and death. In addition, KLF15 has recently been implicated in the development of several human malignancies, including breast cancer. In vitro breast cancer studies have pointed at a putative role in the regulation of cell proliferation. As yet, however, KLF15 expression analyses in primary human breast cancers have not been reported. Here, we set out to investigate the clinical and biological significance of KLF15 expression in human breast cancers.

Methods

KLF15 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 54 primary invasive ductal breast carcinomas, and its status was correlated with various clinicopathological parameters. We also assessed KLF15 expression in vitro in 4 breast cancer-derived cell lines using Western blotting, and examined the effects of exogenous KLF15 expression on cell cycle progression using flow cytometry. Concomitant (changes in) p21, p27 and TOPO2A expression levels were examined using real-time RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, respectively.

Results

In ~90 % of the primary breast carcinoma tissues tested, KLF15 was found to be expressed and localized in either the cytoplasm, the nucleus or both. Predominant nuclear immunoreactivity was found to be associated with clinicopathological factors predicting a better clinical outcome (i.e., ER positive, HER2 negative, low grade, low Ki-67 expression). The breast cancer-derived cell lines tested showed a low KLF15 expression with a predominant cytoplasmic localization. Subsequent exogenous KLF15 over-expression resulted in a predominant nuclear localization and a concomitant decreased cellular proliferation and an arrest at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. In addition, we found that nuclear KLF15 expression results in up-regulation of p21, a pivotal suppressor of the G1 to S phase transition of the cell cycle.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that nuclear KLF15 expression suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation at least partially through p21 up-regulation and subsequent cell cycle arrest. This is a first study addressing the role of KLF15 in breast cancer development.

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Acknowledgments

Keely McNamara was supported partly by a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science – Australian Academy of Science postdoctoral fellowship. We would also like to acknowledge the support and assistance of the members of the Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine and the Department of Disaster Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University.

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For this type of study formal consent is not required.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan

    Tomomi Yoda, Keely May McNamara, Yasuhiro Miki, Yoshiaki Onodera, Yasuhiro Nakamura & Hironobu Sasano

  2. Departments of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

    Kiyoshi Takagi & Takashi Suzuki

  3. Department of Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

    Takanori Ishida & Noriaki Ohuchi

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  1. Tomomi Yoda
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Correspondence to Keely May McNamara.

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Online Resource Fig. 1

Associations between KLF15 status and clinical outcome. Clinical information regarding disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was available for 50 cases. (a) DFS and (b) OS of these patients were assessed according to KLF15 status using Kaplan-Meier analysis and assessment by Wilcoxon test. (PPTX 109 kb)

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Yoda, T., McNamara, K.M., Miki, Y. et al. KLF15 in breast cancer: a novel tumor suppressor?. Cell Oncol. 38, 227–235 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-015-0226-8

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