Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An effective bio-inspired synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Crateva religiosa G.Forst. leaf extract: a multi-functional approach for environmental and biomedical applications

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) through the reduction of metal ions using secondary metabolites extracted from plants is considered an eco-friendly and bio-safe method. In this study, palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) were synthesized through biogenic synthesis. Pd-NPs were obtained using an aqueous leaf extract of Crateva religiosa, exhibiting the desired physicochemical properties in terms of structure, optics, and photocatalytic activity. The characterization of prepared biogenic Pd-NPs was achieved by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and HR-TEM. As a result of characterization, UV-Vis spectrum exhibited a maximum absorbance at a wavelength of 420 nm. In the XRD analysis, five basic peaks attributed to Pd-NPs, and an average crystallite size was 10.31 nm. In addition, SEM and HR-TEM determined that Pd-NPs have a quasi-spherical shape, and an average size of 15–20 nm was tested antimicrobial activity with Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Aspergilus niger, and Aspergillus tamarii. Pd-NPs at 30 μg/mL exhibited bacteriocidal and anti-fungistatic activity. In addition, Pd-NPs inhibited the formation of the biofilm layer by B. subtilis and K. pneumoniae by 85.63% and 92.78%, respectively. Pd-NPs also exhibited potential free radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner. Pd-NPs displayed a remarkable anti-inflammatory activity of 96.68% according to the albumin denaturation inhibitory assay. Furthermore, they exhibited anticancer activity against A549 cell lines, with an IC-50 value of 28.25 μg/mL determined through in vitro cytotoxicity assessment using the MTT assay. The photocatalytic activity was observed by the degradation of fast green dye (95.28%) and Rose Bengal dye (95.15%) at pH 3 and 150 min of exposure time and under sunlight. Moreover, the Pd-NPs positively impacted seed germination on horse gram. Overall, the results indicate that Pd-NPs, obtained through biogenic synthesis, have the potential to serve as agents for various biological and environmental applications.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Scheme 1
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

References

  1. Lin L, Yang H, Xu X (2022) Effects of water pollution on human health and disease heterogeneity: a review. Front Environ Sci 10:880246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.880246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Al-Tohamy R, Ali SS, Li F, Okasha KM, Mahmoud YA-G, Elsamahy T, Jiao H, Fu Y, Sun J (2022) A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 231:113160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kumar A, Shah SR, Jayeoye TJ, Kumar A, Parihar A, Prajapati B, Singh S, Kapoor DU (2023) Biogenic metallic nanoparticles: biomedical, analytical, food preservation, and applications in other consumable products. Front Nanotechnol 5:1175149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnano.2023.1175149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Tiri RNE, Gulbagca F, Aygun A, Cherif A, Sen F (2022) Biosynthesis of Ag–Pt bimetallic nanoparticles using propolis extract: antibacterial effects and catalytic activity on NaBH4 hydrolysis. Environ Res 206:112622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Vignesh A, Selvakumar S, Vasanth K (2021) Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Berberis tinctoria Lesch. leaves and fruits extract of multi-biological applications. J Nanomed Res 6(2):128–147. https://doi.org/10.22034/nmrj.2021.02.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Vasanth Kumar R, Vinoth S, Baskar V, Arun M, Gurusaravanan P (2022) Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles mediated by dictyota dichotoma endophytic fungi and its photocatalytic degradation of fast green dye and antibacterial applications. S Afr J Bot 151(B):337–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.03.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Han Z, Dong L, Zhang J, Cui T, Chen S, Ma G, Guo X, Wang L (2019) Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using lentinan for catalytic activity and biological applications. RSC Adv 9(65):38265–38270. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA08051A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ganasan E, Mohd Yusoff H, Azmi AA, Chia PW, Lam SS, Kan S-Y, Liew RK, Venkateswarlu K, Teo CK (2023) Food additives for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles: a review. Environ Chem Lett 21(1):525–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01473-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Vinodhini S, Vithiya BSM, Prasad TAA (2022) Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using aqueous plant extracts and its biomedical applications. J King Saud Univ Sci 34(4):102017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Marouzi S, Sabouri Z, Darroudi M (2021) Greener synthesis and medical applications of metal oxide nanoparticles. Ceram Int 47(14):19632–19650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.03.301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Chandrakala V, Aruna V, Angajala G (2022) Review on metal nanoparticles as nanocarriers: current challenges and perspectives in drug delivery systems. Emergent Mater 5:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-021-00335-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Guan Z, Ying S, Ofoegbu PC, Clubb P, Rico C, He F, Hong J (2022) Green synthesis of nanoparticles: current developments and limitations. Environ Technol Innov 26:102336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2022.102336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Javed R, Zia M, Naz S, Aisida SO, Ain N, Ao Q (2020) Role of capping agents in the application of nanoparticles in biomedicine and environmental remediation: recent trends and future prospects. J Nanobiotechnology 18(172):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-020-00704-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Khalil AT, Iqbal J, Shah A, Haque MZ, Khan I, Ayaz M, Ahmad I, Tasneem S, Shah H (2021) The bio–nano interface as an emerging trend in assembling multi-functional metal nanoparticles. SPR - Nanoscience 7:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781839163791-00001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Shang Y, Hasan MK, Ahammed GJ, Li M, Yin H, Zhou J (2019) Applications of nanotechnology in plant growth and crop protection: a review. Molecules 24(14):2558. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Veerakumar P, Sangili A, Saranya K, Pandikumar A, Lin K-C (2021) Palladium and silver nanoparticles embedded on zinc oxide nanostars for photocatalytic degradation of pesticides and herbicides. Chem Eng J 410:128434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.128434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Al-Fakeh MS, Osman SOM, Gassoumi M, Rabhi M, Omer M (2021) Characterization, antimicrobial and anticancer properties of palladium nanoparticles biosynthesized optimally using Saudi propolis. Nanomater 11(10):2666. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Osonga FJ, Kalra S, Miller RM, Isika D, Sadik OA (2020) Synthesis, characterization and antifungal activities of eco-friendly palladium nanoparticles. RSC Adv 10(10):5894–5904. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA07800B

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Shaik MR, Ali ZJQ, Khan M, Kuniyil M, Assal ME, Alkhathlan HZ, Al-Warthan A, Siddiqui MRH, Khan M, Adil SF (2017) Green synthesis and characterization of palladium nanoparticles using Origanum vulgare L. extract and their catalytic activity. Molecules 22(1):165. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22010165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Baig N, Kammakakam I, Falath W (2021) Nanomaterials: a review of synthesis methods, properties, recent progress, and challenges. Mater Adv 2(6):1821–1871. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MA00807A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Li C, Li W, Chen K, Ogunbiyi AT, Zhou Z, Xue F, Yuan L (2020) Palladium nanoparticles supported on surface-modified metal oxides for catalytic oxidation of lean methane. ACS Appl Nano Mater 3(12):12130–12138. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c02614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kumari A, Guliani A, Shukla AK, Kumar S, Acharya A (2020) Green surfactant based synthesis of curcumin loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles with enhanced solubility, photo-stability and anti-biofilm activity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 59:101884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Srinivas V, Surendra G, Anjana M, Kiran AS (2018) A scientific review on Crateva religiosa. Int J Adv Pharm Biol Chem 7(1):11–16

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ajali U, Ezealisiji K, Onuoha E (2010) Studies on wound healing properties of Crateva religiosa leaf extract. J Pharma Allied Sci 7(4):1158–1161. https://doi.org/10.4314/jophas.v7i4.63457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Charu Prabha V, Chandra Prabha K, Vijaya kumar S (2011) Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticle synthesized Crateva religiosa bark extract. J Univ Shanghai Sci Technol 23 (5):190-198. https://doi.org/10.51201/JUSST/21/05133

  26. Patil UH, Gaikwad D (2011) Medicinal profile of a scared drug in ayurveda: Crataeva religiosa A review. J. Pharm Sci Res 3(1):923–929

    Google Scholar 

  27. Garai C, Hasan SN, Barai AC, Ghorai S, Panja SK, Bag BG (2018) Green synthesis of Terminalia arjuna-conjugated palladium nanoparticles (TA-PdNPs) and its catalytic applications. J Nanostructure Chem 8:465–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-018-0288-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajadi SM, Maham M (2015) Tamarix gallica leaf extract mediated novel route for green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and their application for N-arylation of nitrogen-containing heterocycles under ligand-free conditions. RSC Adv 5(51):40628–40635. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA04012D

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Mussin JE, Roldán MV, Rojas F, MdlÁ S, Pellegri N, Giusiano G (2019) Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles in combination with ketoconazole against Malassezia furfur. AMB Express 9(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-019-0857-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C (1999) Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med 26(9-10):1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Pulido R, Bravo L, Saura-Calixto F (2000) Antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols as determined by a modified ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay. J Agric Food Chem 48(8):3396–3402. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9913458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kedi PBE, FEA M, Kotsedi L, Nguemfo EL, Zangueu CB, Ntoumba AA, HEA M, Dongmo AB, Maaza M (2018) Eco-friendly synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of silver nanoparticle-mediated Selaginella myosurus aqueous extract. Int J Nanomed 13:8537–8548. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S174530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Shanthi K, Sreevani V, Vimala K, Kannan S (2017) Cytotoxic effect of palladium nanoparticles synthesized from Syzygium aromaticum aqueous extracts and induction of apoptosis in cervical carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 87:1101–1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0678-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Karimi B, Habibi MH, Naghiha R (2020) Synthesis, characterization and biological properties of Fe2ti3o9 nanoparticles: antimicrobial activity and DNA cleavage ability. 3607696:1–19. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3607696

  35. Rani P, Kaur G, Rao KV, Singh J, Rawat M (2020) Impact of green synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles on seed germination and seedling growth of Vigna radiata (Mung Bean) and Cajanus cajan (Red Gram). J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 30:4053–4062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01551-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ghosh S, Nitnavare R, Dewle A, Tomar GB, Chippalkatti R, More P, Kitture R, Kale S, Bellare J, Chopade BA (2015) Novel platinum–palladium bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized by Dioscorea bulbifera: anticancer and antioxidant activities. Int J Nanomed 10:7477–7490. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S91579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Petla RK, Vivekanandhan S, Misra M, Mohanty AK, Satyanarayana N (2012) Soybean (Glycine max) leaf extract based green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles. J Biomater Nanobiotechnol 3:14–19. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbnb.2012.31003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Xu L, Wu X-C, Zhu J-J (2008) Green preparation and catalytic application of Pd nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 19(30):305603. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/30/305603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Kadam J, Madiwale S, Bashte B, Dindorkar S, Dhawal P, More P (2020) Green mediated synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Gymnema sylvestre for catalytic reduction of Cr (VI). SN Appl Sci 2:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03663-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Azizi S, Shahri MM, Rahman HS, Rahim RA, Rasedee A, Mohamad R (2017) Green synthesis palladium nanoparticles mediated by white tea (Camellia sinensis) extract with antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities toward the human leukemia (MOLT-4) cell line. Int J Nanomedicine 12:8841. https://doi.org/10.2147/2FIJN.S149371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Gulbagca F, Aygün A, Gülcan M, Ozdemir S, Gonca S, Şen F (2021) Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and investigation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and DNA cleavage activities. Appl Organomet Chem 35(8):e6272. https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.6272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Singh J, Dutta T, Kim K-H, Rawat M, Samddar P, Kumar P (2018) Green’synthesis of metals and their oxide nanoparticles: applications for environmental remediation. J Nanobiotechnol 16(1):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0408-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Manikandan V, Velmurugan P, Park J-H, Lovanh N, Seo S-K, Jayanthi P, Park Y-J, Cho M, Oh B-T (2016) Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of palladium nanoparticles from Prunus× yedoensis leaf extract. Mater Lett 185:335–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.08.120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Zheng S, Bawazir M, Dhall A, Kim H-E, He L, Heo J, Hwang G (2021) Implication of surface properties, bacterial motility, and hydrodynamic conditions on bacterial surface sensing and their initial adhesion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 9:643722. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.643722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Muhammad MH, Idris AL, Fan X, Guo Y, Yu Y, Jin X, Qiu J, Guan X, Huang T (2020) Beyond risk: bacterial biofilms and their regulating approaches. Front Microbiol 11:928. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Singh A, Gautam PK, Verma A, Singh V, Shivapriya PM, Shivalkar S, Sahoo AK, Samanta SK (2020) Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles as effective alternatives to treat antibiotics resistant bacterial infections: a review. Biotechnol Rep 25:e00427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Shah R, Parmar K, Vaghela H (2021) Analysing antibacterial efficacy of biosynthesized palladium nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Cocculus hirsutus as the reducing agent. Biosci Biotechnol Res Commun 14(2):858–865. https://doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/14.2.63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Mikhailova EO (2020) Silver nanoparticles: mechanism of action and probable bio-application. J Funct Biomater 11(4):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/2Fjfb11040084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Amrutham S, Maragoni V, Guttena V (2020) One-step green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using neem gum (Azadirachta Indica): characterization, reduction of Rhodamine 6G dye and free radical scavenging activity. Appl Nanosci 10:4505–4511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01352-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Vignesh A, Pradeepa Veerakumari K, Selvakumar S, Rakkiyappan R, Vasanth K (2021) Nutritional assessment, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic potential of traditionally used wild plant Berberis tinctoria Lesch. Trends Phytochem Res 5(2):71–92. https://doi.org/10.30495/tpr.2021.1914719.1186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Gnanasekar S, Murugaraj J, Dhivyabharathi B, Krishnamoorthy V, Jha PK, Seetharaman P, Vilwanathan R, Sivaperumal S (2018) Antibacterial and cytotoxicity effects of biogenic palladium nanoparticles synthesized using fruit extract of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. J Appl Biomed 16(1):59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jab.2017.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Gurunathan S, Kim E, Han JW, Park JH, Kim J-H (2015) Green chemistry approach for synthesis of effective anticancer palladium nanoparticles. Molecules 20(12):22476–22498. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules201219860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Naseri MH, Mahdavi M, Davoodi J, Tackallou SH, Goudarzvand M, Neishabouri SH (2015) Up regulation of Bax and down regulation of Bcl2 during 3-NC mediated apoptosis in human cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 15:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-015-0204-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Powell LG, Alexander C, Stone V, Johnston HJ, Conte C (2022) An in vitro investigation of the hepatic toxicity of PEGylated polymeric redox responsive nanoparticles. RSC Adv 12(20):12860–12870. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA00395C

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Sharifi S, Sharifi H (2022) Electrospun-reinforced suturable biodegradable artificial cornea. ACS Appl Bio Mater 5(12):5716–5727. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.2c00751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Gurunathan S, Jeyaraj M, Kang M-H, Kim J-H (2020) Melatonin enhances palladium-nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cells A549 and H1229. Antioxidants 9(4):357. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Gulbagca F, Ozdemir S, Gulcan M, Sen F (2019) Synthesis and characterization of Rosa canina-mediated biogenic silver nanoparticles for anti-oxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and DNA cleavage activities. Heliyon 5(12):e02980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Alkaim A, Aljeboree A, Alrazaq N, Baqir S, Hussein F, Lilo A (2014) Effect of pH on adsorption and photocatalytic degradation efficiency of different catalysts on removal of methylene blue. Asian J Chem 26(24):8445. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.17908

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Darroudi M, Bratovcic A, Sabouri Z, Moghaddas SSTH (2022) Removal of organic dyes from wastewaters using metal oxide nanoparticles. In: Sustainable management of environmental contaminants: eco-friendly remediation approaches. Springer, Cham, pp 483–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08446-1_19

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  60. Sabouri Z, Sabouri M, Moghaddas SSTH, Darroudi M (2023b) Design and preparation of amino-functionalized core-shell magnetic nanoparticles for photocatalytic application and investigation of cytotoxicity effects. J Environ Health Sci Eng 21(1):93–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-022-00842-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Sabouri Z, Moghaddas SSTH, Mostafapour A, Darroudi M (2022a) Biopolymer-template synthesized CaSO4 nanoparticles and evaluation of their photocatalytic activity and cytotoxicity effects. Ceram Int 48(11):16306–16311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.02.180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Li S, Lin Q, Liu X, Yang L, Ding J, Dong F, Li Y, Irfan M, Zhang P (2018) Fast photocatalytic degradation of dyes using low-power laser-fabricated Cu2O-Cu nanocomposites. RSC Adv 8(36):20277–20286. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA03117G

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Jiang G, Shi X, Cui M, Wang W, Wang P, Johnson G, Nie Y, Lv X, Zhang X, Dong F (2021) Surface ligand environment boosts the electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination reaction on palladium nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13(3):4072–4083. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c20994

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Fahmy SA, Preis E, Bakowsky U, Azzazy HME-S (2020) Palladium nanoparticles fabricated by green chemistry: promising chemotherapeutic, antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Materials 13(17):3661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Mohandes A, Aghamaali MR, Sabouri Z, Darroudi M (2023) Biosynthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4-NPs) using Caccinia macranthera extract and evaluation of their cytotoxicity and photocatalytic activity. Mater Sci Eng B 297:116782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2023.116782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Santoshi Kumari A, Venkatesham M, Ayodhya D, Veerabhadram G (2015) Green synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of palladium nanoparticles by xanthan gum. Appl Nanosci 5:315–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-014-0320-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Sahin M, Gubbuk IH (2022) Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles and investigation of their catalytic activity for methylene blue, methyl orange and rhodamine B degradation by sodium borohydride. React Kinet Mech Catal 135(2):999–1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-022-02185-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Sabouri Z, Oskuee RK, Sabouri S, Moghaddas SSTH, Samarghandian S, Abdulabbas HS, Darroudi M (2023a) Phytoextract-mediated synthesis of Ag-doped ZnO–MgO–CaO nanocomposite using Ocimum basilicum L. seeds extract as a highly efficient photocatalyst and evaluation of their biological effects. Ceram Int 49(12):20989–20997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.03.234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Khojasteh-Taheri R, Ghasemi A, Meshkat Z, Sabouri Z, Mohtashami M, Darroudi M (2023) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Salvadora persica and Caccinia macranthera extracts: cytotoxicity analysis and antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 195:5120–5135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-023-04407-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Sabouri Z, Sabouri S, Tabrizi Hafez Moghaddas SS, Mostafapour A, Amiri MS, Darroudi M (2022c) Facile green synthesis of Ag-doped ZnO/CaO nanocomposites with Caccinia macranthera seed extract and assessment of their cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and photocatalytic activity. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 45(11):1799–1809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-022-02786-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Sabouri Z, Sabouri S, Moghaddas SSTH, Mostafapour A, Gheibihayat SM, Darroudi M (2022b) Plant-based synthesis of Ag-doped ZnO/MgO nanocomposites using Caccinia macranthera extract and evaluation of their photocatalytic activity, cytotoxicity, and potential application as a novel sensor for detection of Pb2+ ions. Biomass Convers Biorefin:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02907-1

  72. Amal TC, Karthika P, Balamurugan V, Shanmugam G, Selvakumar S, Sundararaj P, Vasanth K (2020) Effects of root-knot nematode inoculums densities on morphological and phytochemical analysis of selected horse gram germplasm. Indian J Agric Res 54(6):708–715. https://doi.org/10.18805/IJARe.A-5430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Noshad A, Hetherington C, Iqbal M (2019) Impact of AgNPs on seed germination and seedling growth: a focus study on its antibacterial potential against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis infection in Solanum lycopersicum. J Nanomater 2019:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6316094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Shelar A, Nile SH, Singh AV, Rothenstein D, Bill J, Xiao J, Chaskar M, Kai G, Patil R (2023) Recent advances in nano-enabled seed treatment strategies for sustainable agriculture: challenges, risk assessment, and future perspectives. Nano-Micro Lett 15(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01025-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Acharya P, Jayaprakasha GK, Crosby KM, Jifon JL, Patil BS (2020) Nanoparticle-mediated seed priming improves germination, growth, yield, and quality of watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) at multi-locations in Texas. Sci Rep 10(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61696-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Professor & Head and Faculty Incharge, Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India, for providing the FTIR and HPLC facilities under the grant UGC-SAP and The Professor & Head and Faculty Incharge, Department of Physics to provide the HR-TEM and XRD facility under the grant DST-PURSE (Phase-II) at Central Instrumentation Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. I would like to special thank Dr. I. Prabha, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India for their moral support and encouragement.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College (Autonomous), Bharathiar University, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, 642001, India

    Arumugam Vignesh

  2. Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India

    Arumugam Vignesh, Thomas Cheeran Amal, Jayasankar Kalaiyarasan & Krishnan Vasanth

  3. ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, RS, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India

    Thomas Cheeran Amal

  4. Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 046, India

    Subramaniam Selvakumar

Authors
  1. Arumugam Vignesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thomas Cheeran Amal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jayasankar Kalaiyarasan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Subramaniam Selvakumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Krishnan Vasanth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Arumugam Vignesh and Thomas Cheeran Amal: conceptualization, data curation, methodology, investigation and writing—original draft. Jayasankar Kalaiyarasan and Subramaniam Selvakumar: formal analysis, Writing—review and editing and validation. Krishnan Vasanth: project administration, writing—review and editing and supervision, reviewing, and editing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All the data were generated in-house, and no paper mill was used. All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of work ensuring integrity and accuracy.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Krishnan Vasanth.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Highlights

• An effective bio-inspired synthesis of Pd-NPs using Crateva religiosa extracts (CRE)

• Pd-NPs’ distinct properties make them highly promising for biomedical use

• Synthesized Pd-NPs help FGD and RBD degradation in industrial effluents

• Pd-NPs positively impacted seed germination applications on horse gram

• This study offers a practical, affordable, and safe approach to producing inorganic NPs

Supplementary Information

ESM 1

(DOCX 8441 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vignesh, A., Amal, T.C., Kalaiyarasan, J. et al. An effective bio-inspired synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Crateva religiosa G.Forst. leaf extract: a multi-functional approach for environmental and biomedical applications. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-05031-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-05031-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation