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Physicochemical, thermal, and morphological properties of microcrystalline cellulose extracted from Calotropis gigantea leaf

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Abstract

The extraction of microcrystalline cellulose from agro-residues is an exciting alternative to recovering these materials. In this research, microcrystalline cellulose was isolated from the leaf of the Calotropis gigantea plant through acid hydrolysis process. In addition, the results were compared with other microcrystalline celluloses. The acid hydrolysis method is used to extract the cellulose from the Calotropis gigantea leaf. The alkali, acid, and bleaching processes removed the lignin, hemicellulose, and other residues in this extraction method. As confirmed in the scanning electronic spectroscopy analysis and particle size analysis, the ball milling machine converts the macro-sized particles into micro-sized cellulose. The isolated Calotropis gigantea micro crystalline cellulose had the cellulose content of 81.33%, which was confirmed in the chemical analysis. This higher cellulose content and lower density (0.55 g/cm3) of the plant leaf are the best advantages for the extraction of microcrystalline cellulose. The Fourier transform infrared testing shows that the chemical processes removed almost all signs of lignin and hemicellulose. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the produced micro crystalline cellulose is a cellulose I polymorph with a crystallinity index of 48.9% and a crystallinity size of 8.6 nm. The kinetic activation energy of the extracted Calotropis gigantea microcrystalline cellulose is 53.44 KJ mol−1 by using the Coats–Redfern method. The AFM analysis proved the possibility of using microcrystalline cellulose as a filler in polymer composites and films. The extrusion of polymer composites containing these microparticles has a lot of promise. The outcome of this research will also provide a valuable product from agricultural or road side vegetative in the form of microcrystalline cellulose.

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Acknowledgements

The first author acknowledges the Arunai Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai, TamilNadu, and RadoChemMAX, Nagercoil, for providing research support to carry out this review work. The authors also acknowledge the Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, the Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering, and King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand, for their support to complete this research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arunai Engineering College, TamilNa, Tiruvannamalai, du-606603, India

    Ravichandaran Rathinavelu

  2. Department of Automobile Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, 603203, India

    Baskara Sethupathi Paramathma

  3. Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, 10800, Thailand

    Divya Divkaran & Suchart Siengchin

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  1. Ravichandaran Rathinavelu
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  2. Baskara Sethupathi Paramathma
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Contributions

Ravichandaran Rathinavelu: conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, visualisation, writing original draft; Baskara Sethupathi Paramathma: manuscript editing and review; Divya D: methodology, validation and interpretation of results; Suchart Siengchin: resources and supervision.

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Correspondence to Ravichandaran Rathinavelu.

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Rathinavelu, R., Paramathma, B.S., Divkaran, D. et al. Physicochemical, thermal, and morphological properties of microcrystalline cellulose extracted from Calotropis gigantea leaf. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04370-y

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