Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Production of hydrochar from biomass waste as economical adsorbents for methylene blue—insight of occurring adsorption phenomena

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study focuses on the valorization of biomass waste from the fragrance industry in Provence, France. Adsorbents enriched with oxygen surface groups were produced from Lavandin (Lavandula genus) using the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process followed by further NaOH surface treatment. The original Lavandin hydrochar (LH) and NaOH surface treated Lavandin hydrochar (NaOH-LH) were systematically characterized by SEM, FTIR, elemental analysis, zeta potential, and Boehm titration. Specifically, the NaOH surface treatment scavenged the heterogeneous fragments adhering to the surface, increased the number of oxygen surface groups and optimized the ratio of these groups without damaging the hydrochar skeleton structure. Batch adsorption tests for the representative contaminant methylene blue (MB) showed that the adsorption process can be well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir thermodynamic model. In neutral aqueous solution, the three tested adsorbents LH, 0.1%NaOH-LH, and 4%NaOH-LH had adsorption capacities of 52 mg·g−1, 137 mg·g−1, and 306 mg·g−1 for MB. Adsorption experiments allowed us to elucidate that the adsorption mechanism was dominated by electrostatic attractions, supplemented by hydrogen bonds, π-π interactions, and n-π interactions. At some conditions, these capacities overcame the surface density of available adsorption sites, which was attributed to the steric hindrance between stacked adsorbed MB molecules, as the main mechanism governing the maximal surface density of the adsorbed monolayer. This study proves that the combination of the HTC process with NaOH surface treatment method converts Lavandin biomass waste into an efficient adsorbent for MB, providing an economic and ecological alternative for its valorization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Lesage-Meessen L, Bou M, Sigoillot JC et al (2015) Essential oils and distilled straws of lavender and lavandin: a review of current use and potential application in white biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:3375–3385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-6511-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Périno-Issartier S, Ginies C, Cravotto G, Chemat F (2013) A comparison of essential oils obtained from lavandin via different extraction processes: ultrasound, microwave, turbohydrodistillation, steam and hydrodistillation. J Chromatogr A 1305:41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2013.07.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Torras-Claveria L, Jauregui O, Bastida J et al (2007) Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loiseleur) waste. J Agric Food Chem 55:8436–8443. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf070236n

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Tiliacos C, Gaydou EM, Bessière J-M, Agnel R (2008) Distilled lavandin (Lavandula intermedia Emeric ex Loisel) wastes: a rich source of coumarin and herniarin. J Essent Oil Res 20:412–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2008.9700043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Cho EJ, Trinh LTP, Song Y et al (2020) Bioconversion of biomass waste into high value chemicals. Bioresour Technol 298:122386. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2019.122386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Nguyen TN, Le PA, Phung VBT (2022) Facile green synthesis of carbon quantum dots and biomass-derived activated carbon from banana peels: synthesis and investigation. Biomass Convers Biorefin 12:2407–2416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00839-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bakar NA, Othman N, Yunus ZM et al (2021) Nipah (Musa Acuminata Balbisiana) banana peel as a lignocellulosic precursor for activated carbon: characterization study after carbonization process with phosphoric acid impregnated activated carbon. Biomass Convers Biorefin. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01937-5

  8. Sharma HB, Sarmah AK, Dubey B (2020) Hydrothermal carbonization of renewable waste biomass for solid biofuel production: a discussion on process mechanism, the influence of process parameters, environmental performance and fuel properties of hydrochar. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 123:109761. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2020.109761

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Suriapparao D, Tejasvi R (2022) A review on role of process parameters on pyrolysis of biomass and plastics: present scope and future opportunities in conventional and microwave-assisted pyrolysis technologies. Process Saf Environ Prot 162:435–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSEP.2022.04.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang T, Zhai Y, Zhu Y et al (2018) A review of the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste for hydrochar formation: process conditions, fundamentals, and physicochemical properties. RenewSustain Energy Rev 90:223–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2018.03.071

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Zhuang X, Liu J, Zhang Q et al (2022) A review on the utilization of industrial biowaste via hydrothermal carbonization. RenewSustain Energy Rev 154:111877. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2021.111877

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Heidari M, Dutta A, Acharya B, Mahmud S (2019) A review of the current knowledge and challenges of hydrothermal carbonization for biomass conversion. J Energy Inst 92:1779–1799. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOEI.2018.12.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhang Z, Yang J, Qian J et al (2021) Biowaste hydrothermal carbonization for hydrochar valorization: skeleton structure, conversion pathways and clean biofuel applications. Bioresour Technol 324:124686. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2021.124686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Li X, Baran SS, Orange F et al (2022) Conversion of lavandula straw into high-quality solid fuel: effect of hydrothermal carbonization conditions on fuel characteristics. Bioenergy Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-022-10492-4

  15. Hwang H, Lee JH, Ahmed MA, Choi JW (2021) Evaluation of pyrochar and hydrochar derived activated carbons for biosorbent and supercapacitor materials. J Environ Manage 298:113436. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2021.113436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mariuzza D, Lin JC, Volpe M et al (2022) Impact of Co-Hydrothermal carbonization of animal and agricultural waste on hydrochars’ soil amendment and solid fuel properties. Biomass Bioenergy 157:106329. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2021.106329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Shi Y, Zhang T, Ren H et al (2018) Polyethylene imine modified hydrochar adsorption for chromium (VI) and nickel (II) removal from aqueous solution. Bioresour Technol 247:370–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2017.09.107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Nkuigue Fotsing P, Bouazizi N, Djoufac Woumfo E et al (2021) Investigation of chromate and nitrate removal by adsorption at the surface of an amine-modified cocoa shell adsorbent. J Environ Chem Eng 9:104618. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2020.104618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Jais FM, Ibrahim S, Chee CY, Ismail Z (2021) High removal of crystal violet dye and tetracycline by hydrochloric acid assisted hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse prepared at high yield. Sustain Chem Pharm 24:100541. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCP.2021.100541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Qu J, Lin X, Liu Z et al (2022) One-pot synthesis of Ca-based magnetic hydrochar derived from consecutive hydrothermal and pyrolysis processing of bamboo for high-performance scavenging of Pb(II) and tetracycline from water. Bioresour Technol 343:126046. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2021.126046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Li SY, Teng HJ, Guo JZ et al (2021) Enhanced removal of Cr(VI) by nitrogen-doped hydrochar prepared from bamboo and ammonium chloride. Bioresour Technol 342:126028. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2021.126028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Wei Y, Fakudze S, Zhang Y et al (2022) Co-hydrothermal carbonization of pomelo peel and PVC for production of hydrochar pellets with enhanced fuel properties and dechlorination. Energy 239:122350. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2021.122350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Khoshbouy R, Takahashi F, Yoshikawa K (2019) Preparation of high surface area sludge-based activated hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonization and application in the removal of basic dye. Environ Res 175:457–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2019.04.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Tu W, Liu Y, Xie Z et al (2021) A novel activation-hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonization and KOH activation of sewage sludge and coconut shell for biomass wastes: Preparation, characterization and adsorption properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 593:390–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCIS.2021.02.133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Mendoza Martinez CL, Sermyagina E, Saari J et al (2021) Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic agro-forest based biomass residues. Biomass Bioenergy 147:106004. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2021.106004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Liu L, Sim SF, Lin S et al (2021) Integrated structural and chemical analyses for HCl-supported hydrochar and their adsorption mechanisms for aqueous sulfachloropyridazine removal. J Hazard Mater 417:126009. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2021.126009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Funke A, Ziegler F (2010) Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: a summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 4:160–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Sun K, Tang J, Gong Y, Zhang H (2015) Characterization of potassium hydroxide (KOH) modified hydrochars from different feedstocks for enhanced removal of heavy metals from water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:16640–16651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4849-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Oladoye PO, TO A, Omotola EO, Oyewola OJ (2022) Methylene blue dye: toxicity and potential elimination technology from wastewater. Results in Eng 16:100678. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RINENG.2022.100678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Jawad AH, Abdulhameed AS, Hanafiah MAKM et al (2021) Numerical desirability function for adsorption of methylene blue dye by sulfonated pomegranate peel biochar: modeling, kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, and mechanism study. Korean J Chem Eng 38:1499–1509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-021-0801-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Jawad AH, Saud Abdulhameed A, Wilson LD et al (2021) High surface area and mesoporous activated carbon from KOH-activated dragon fruit peels for methylene blue dye adsorption: optimization and mechanism study. Chin J Chem Eng 32:281–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CJCHE.2020.09.070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Laranja MJ, da Silva RCJ, Bisinoti MC et al (2022) Factorial design of experiments for extraction and screening analysis of organic compounds in hydrochar and its process water of sugar cane bagasse and vinasse. Biomass Convers Biorefin 12:81–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01035-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Boehm H-P, Diehl E, Heck W, Sappok R (1964) Surface oxides of carbon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 3:669–677. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.196406691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Boehm HP (1994) Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons. Carbon N Y 32:759–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(94)90031-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Boehm HP (2002) Surface oxides on carbon and their analysis: a critical assessment. Carbon N Y 40:145–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00165-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Schönherr J, Buchheim J, Scholz P, Adelhelm P (2018) Boehm titration revisited (part I): practical aspects for achieving a high precision in quantifying oxygen-containing surface groups on carbon materials. C 4:21. https://doi.org/10.3390/c4020021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Wang R, Jin Q, Ye X et al (2020) Effect of process wastewater recycling on the chemical evolution and formation mechanism of hydrochar from herbaceous biomass during hydrothermal carbonization. J Clean Prod 277:123281. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2020.123281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Zhang Y, Jiang Q, Xie W et al (2019) Effects of temperature, time and acidity of hydrothermal carbonization on the hydrochar properties and nitrogen recovery from corn stover. Biomass Bioenergy 122:175–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2019.01.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Śliz M, Wilk M (2020) A comprehensive investigation of hydrothermal carbonization: energy potential of hydrochar derived from Virginia mallow. Renew Energy 156:942–950. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2020.04.124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Gascó G, Paz-Ferreiro J, Álvarez ML et al (2018) Biochars and hydrochars prepared by pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonisation of pig manure. Waste Manag 79:395–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WASMAN.2018.08.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Liu Y, Ma S, Chen J (2018) A novel pyro-hydrochar via sequential carbonization of biomass waste: Preparation, characterization and adsorption capacity. J Clean Prod 176:187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2017.12.090

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Gao Y, Wang X, Wang J et al (2013) Effect of residence time on chemical and structural properties of hydrochar obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of water hyacinth. Energy 58:376–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2013.06.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Ghanim BM, Pandey DS, Kwapinski W, Leahy JJ (2016) Hydrothermal carbonisation of poultry litter: Effects of treatment temperature and residence time on yields and chemical properties of hydrochars. Bioresour Technol 216:373–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2016.05.087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Fan J, Li F, Fang D et al (2022) Effects of hydrophobic coating on properties of hydrochar produced at different temperatures: Specific surface area and oxygen-containing functional groups. Bioresour Technol 363:127971. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2022.127971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Kitamura H, Sekido M, Takeuchi H, Ohno M (2011) The method for surface functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with fuming nitric acid. Carbon N Y 49:3851–3856. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBON.2011.05.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Tang J, Mu B, Zong L et al (2017) Facile and green fabrication of magnetically recyclable carboxyl-functionalized attapulgite/carbon nanocomposites derived from spent bleaching earth for wastewater treatment. J Chem Eng 322:102–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2017.03.116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang P, Tang Y, Liu Y et al (2018) Halloysite nanotube@carbon with rich carboxyl groups as a multifunctional adsorbent for the efficient removal of cationic Pb(ii), anionic Cr(vi) and methylene blue (MB). Environ Sci Nano 5:2257–2268. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8en00561c

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Ho YS, Wase D, Forster CF (1996) Removal of lead ions from aqueous solution using sphagnum moss peat as adsorbent. Water SA 22:219–224. https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9600003973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Giles H, Macewan TH, Nakhwa SN, Smith D (1960) A system of classification of solution adsorption isotherms, and its use in diagnosis of adsorption mechanisms and in measurement of specific surface areas of solids. J Chem Soc 111:3973–3993. https://doi.org/10.1039/JR9600003973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Wang J, Guo X (2020) Adsorption isotherm models: classification, physical meaning, application and solving method. Chemosphere 258:127279. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2020.127279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Al-Ghouti MA, Da’ana DA (2020) Guidelines for the use and interpretation of adsorption isotherm models: A review. J Hazard Mater 393:122383. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2020.122383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Ahmed MB, Zhou JL, Ngo HH et al (2018) Sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants on functionalized biochar: Protagonist role of π-π electron-donor-acceptor interactions and hydrogen bonds. J Hazard Mater 360:270–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2018.08.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Dotto GL, Santos JMN, Rodrigues IL et al (2015) Adsorption of Methylene Blue by ultrasonic surface modified chitin. J Colloid Interface Sci 446:133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCIS.2015.01.046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Prasannamedha G, Kumar PS, Mehala R et al (2021) Enhanced adsorptive removal of sulfamethoxazole from water using biochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse. J Hazard Mater 407:124825. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2020.124825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Talbot D, Queiros Campos J, Checa-Fernandez BL et al (2021) Adsorption of organic dyes on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Part I: mechanisms and adsorption-induced nanoparticle agglomeration. ACS Omega 6:19086–19098. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Bollinger JC (2020) Letter to the Editor: Comments on “Adsorption of methylene blue and Cd(II) onto maleylated modified hydrochar from water.”. Environ Pollut 261:113824. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2019.113824

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Tran HN, You SJ, Nguyen TV, Chao HP (2017) Insight into the adsorption mechanism of cationic dye onto biosorbents derived from agricultural wastes. Chem Eng Commun 204:1020–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2017.1336090

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Bushra R, Mohamad S, Alias Y et al (2021) Current approaches and methodologies to explore the perceptive adsorption mechanism of dyes on low-cost agricultural waste: a review. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 319:111040. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MICROMESO.2021.111040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Hang PT, Brindley GW (1970) Methylene blue absorption by clay minerals. determination of surface areas and cation exchange capacities (clay-organic studies xvid). Clays Clay Miner 18:203–212. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1970.0180404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Seung Kim Y, Rae Park C (2016) Titration method for the identification of surface functional groups. In: Materials science and engineering of carbon: characterization. Elsevier, pp 273–286

    Google Scholar 

  61. Ovchinnikov O, Evtukhova AV, Kondratenko TS et al (2016) Manifestation of intermolecular interactions in FTIR spectra of methylene blue molecules. Vib Spectrosc 86:181–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.VIBSPEC.2016.06.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Yan H, Tao X, Yang Z et al (2014) Effects of the oxidation degree of graphene oxide on the adsorption of methylene blue. J Hazard Mater 268:191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2014.01.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Ronix A, Pezoti O, Souza LS et al (2017) Hydrothermal carbonization of coffee husk: optimization of experimental parameters and adsorption of methylene blue dye. J Environ Chem Eng 5:4841–4849. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JECE.2017.08.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Islam MA, Ahmed MJ, Khanday WA et al (2017) Mesoporous activated carbon prepared from NaOH activation of rattan (Lacosperma secundiflorum) hydrochar for methylene blue removal. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 138:279–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOENV.2017.01.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Madduri S, Elsayed I, Hassan EB (2020) Novel oxone treated hydrochar for the removal of Pb(II) and methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 260:127683. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2020.127683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Liu JL, Qian WC, Guo JZ et al (2021) Selective removal of anionic and cationic dyes by magnetic Fe3O4-loaded amine-modified hydrochar. Bioresour Technol 320:124374. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2020.124374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Zhang L, Tan J, Xing G et al (2021) Cotton stalk-derived hydrothermal carbon for methylene blue dye removal: investigation of the raw material plant tissues. Bioresour Bioprocess 8:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-021-00364-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Li F, Zimmerman AR, Hu X et al (2020) One-pot synthesis and characterization of engineered hydrochar by hydrothermal carbonization of biomass with ZnCl2. Chemosphere 254:126866. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2020.126866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Hessien M (2022) Microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of pomegranate peels into hydrochar for environmental applications. Energies 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103629

Download references

Funding

This work received financial support of China Scholarship Council (CSC) through PhD fellowship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI), Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice, France

    Xin Li, Pavel Kuzhir & Charlotte Hurel

  2. Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5280, Université Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA), 69100, Villeurbanne, France

    Erik Bonjour & Patrick Jame

Authors
  1. Xin Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Erik Bonjour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Patrick Jame
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pavel Kuzhir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Charlotte Hurel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Xin Li: sample preparation, material characterization, redaction of the manuscript under supervision of Pavel Kuzhir and Charlotte Hurel. Elemental analysis was performed by Erik Bonjour and Patrick Jame. All the authors read, commented, corrected the previous versions of the manuscript, and finally approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xin Li.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

No human or animal subjects were used in this research.

Consent to participate

All authors agreed with being involved in the research project.

Consent for publication

All authors have read and agree to the content submitted.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

ESM 1

(PDF 802 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, X., Bonjour, E., Jame, P. et al. Production of hydrochar from biomass waste as economical adsorbents for methylene blue—insight of occurring adsorption phenomena. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04122-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04122-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation