Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Process efficiency and kinetics of coagulation for the decontamination of paint industry effluent using cashew nut husk tannins and alum

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, cashew nut husk was used to prepare agro-based coagulant (Tanhusk). The agro-based coagulant was compared with aluminum sulfate (alum) in the treatment of paint industry effluent (PIE). The effects of parameters such as pH (4–12), contact time (0–60 min), and coagulant dosage (100–500 mg/L) on the effluent decontamination were investigated. Coagulation/flocculation efficiency using Tanhusk was found to increase with contact time and decreasing pH, while alum performed better at alkaline conditions. A comparison of the results gave an efficiency of alum at 91% and Tanhusk at 73.18%. The kinetics of the coagulation and flocculation treatment of PIE using alum and Tanhusk by the integral and particle aggregation were studied. The reaction order kinetics for alum and Tanhusk were second order. The rate constants were 0.00008 L/mg and 0.00005 L/mg min for alum and Tanhusk, respectively. The kinetics of particle aggregation based on Tanhusk bio-coagulant dosage and effluent pH showed that the destabilization of monomers facilitated the forming of dimers and trimers. The study affirmed that the plant-based coagulant Tanhusk can be a potential replacement for alum for the treatment of paint effluent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Shan TC, Al Matar M, Makky EA, Ali EN (2017) Appl Water Sci 7:1369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Chouby S, Rajput SK, Bapat KN (2012) Int J Emerg Technol Adv Eng 2:429

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hendrawati Yuliastri IR, Nurhasni Rohaeti E, Effend H, Darusman LK (2016) The use of Moringa oleifera seed powder as coagulant to improve the quality of wastewater and ground water. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci pp 31. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012033

  4. Nnaji PC, Okoye CC, Umeuzuegbu JC (2020) World Sci News 146:184

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kumar P, Prasad B, Chand S (2009) Treatment of desizing wastewater by catalytic thermal treatment and coagulation. J Hazard Mater 163(1):433–440

  6. Sharma BK (2011) Industrial Chemistry, 16th edn. India

  7. Lei L, Hu X, Chen G, Porter JF, Yue PL (2000) Ind Eng Chem Res 39:2896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Menkiti MC, Okoani AO, Ejimofor MI (2018) Appl Water Sci 8:189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0836-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wei J, Gao B, Yue Q, Wang Y, Li W, Zhu X (2009) Water Res 43:724–732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Okey-Onyesolu CF, Onukwuli OD, Ejimofor MI, Okoye CC (2020) Heliyon 6:e04468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Zahrim A, Dexter Z, Joseph C, Hilal N (2017) J Water Process Eng 16:258–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kumar PS, Karthikeyan R, Anbalagan K, Bhanushali MN (2016) Sep Sci Techol 51:2028–2037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Nnaji NJN, Ani JU, Aneke LE, Onukwuli OD, Okoro UC, Ume JI (1930) J Ind Eng Chem 20:2014

    Google Scholar 

  14. Carnacho FP, Sousa VS, Bergamasco R, Teixeira MR (2017) Chem Eng J 313:2226

    Google Scholar 

  15. Taiwo AS, Adenike K, Aderonke O (2020) Efficacy of a natural coagulant protein from Moringa oleifera (Lam) seeds in treatment of Opa reservoir water. Heliyon, Ile-Ife Nigeria, p e03335

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ezemagu IG, Ejimofor MI, Menkiti MC (2020) Turbidimetric study for the decontamination of paint effluent (PE) using mucuna seed coagulant (MSC): Statistical design and coag-floculation modeling. Environ Adv 2:100023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100023

  17. Okolo BI, Adeyi O, Oke EO, Agu CM, Nnaji PC, Akatobi KN, Onukwuli DO (2021) Scientific African 14:e00959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00959

  18. Okorie O, Okonkwo TJN, Nwachukwu N, Okeke I (2010) Potentials of Detarium microcarpum (guill and sperr) seed oil as a matrix for the formulation of haloperidol injection. Int J Pharm Sci Rev & Res 5(1):1–4

  19. Ukoha PO, Ejikeme PM, Maju CC (2008) J Chem Soc Nig 33:152–156

    Google Scholar 

  20. Moreno-Pirajan JC, Rangel D, Amaya B, Vargas EM, Giraldo L (2006) J Argent Chem Soc 94:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  21. Abia AA, Igwe JC, Okparaeke OC (2005) Int J Chem 15:187–191

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bolton KA, Evans LJ (1996) Canadian. J Soil Sci 76:183–189

    Google Scholar 

  23. Zanten JHV, Elimelech M (1992) J Colloid Interface 154:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Olugbenga SB, Mary AO, Abimbola MO (2010) Stem Cell 1:14–30

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ani JU, Nnaji NJN, Okoye COB, Onukwuli OD (2012) J Haz Mat 243:59–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Okolo BI, Menkiti MC, Nnaji PC, Onukwuli OD, Agu CC (2014) Br J Appl Sci Tech 4:4791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Fogler HS (2006) Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 4th edn. New Jersey, USA

  28. Sun Y, Zhou S, Chiang P, Shah KJ (2019) Water-Energy Nexus 2:25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Vajihinejad V, Gumfekar SP, Bazoubandi B, Najafabadi ZR, Soares JBP (2019) Macromol Mater Eng 304:1800526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Adachi Y, Kobayashi A, Motoyoshi K (2012) Int J Polym Sci 2012:1. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/574878

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Chandrashekar S, Vijayakumar R, Chelliah R, Daliri EB, Madar IH, Sultan G, Rubab M, Elahi F, Yeon S, Oh D (2021) Molecules 26:2080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kokona B, Rosenthal ZP, Fairman R (2014) The role of the coiled-coil structural motif in polyglutamine aggregation. Biochemistry 53(43):6738–6746. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi500449a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Desta WM, Bote ME (2021) Heliyon 7:e08451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Nnaji PC, Anadebe VC, Ezemagu IG, Onukwuli OD (2022) Arabian J Chem 15:103629

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Vishali S, Karthikeyan R (2014) Separat. Sci Technol 49:2510–2517

    Google Scholar 

  36. Abdulsahib HT, Taobi AH, Hashim SS (2015) IJAR 3(2):426–442

    Google Scholar 

  37. Vishali S, Karthikeyan R (2014) Desalin Water Treat 57:13157–13165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Mageshkumar M, Karthikeyan R (2015) Desalin Water Treat 57:14954–14964

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Xioying M, Guangming Z, Chang Z, Zisong W, Jian Y, Jianbing I, Guobe H, Hongliag I (2009) J Colloid Interface Sci 337:408–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Helmut HA, Schmitt AF (1997) J Colloid Interface Sci 192:463–470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Menkiti MC, Onukwuli OD, Igbokwe PK, Ugodulunwa FXO (2008) J Appl Sci 3(4):317–323

    Google Scholar 

  42. Smoluchowski M (1917) VersucheinerMathematischenTheorie der Koagulations Kinetic KolloiderLousungen. Z Phys Chem 92:129–168

    Google Scholar 

  43. Vishali S, Rashmi P, Karthikeyan R (2016) Desalin Water Treat 57:13157–13165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Sami K, Imen K, Ghofrane L, Ahmed G et al (2021) Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process in the treatment of surface water for a maximum dissolved organic matter removal using RSM approach. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 21(6):3042–3056. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.070

  45. Menkiti MC, Ndaji RC, Ezemagu IG (2017). Water conserv Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-017-0027-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Smoczynski L, Kalinowski S, Cretescu I, Smoczynski M, Ratnaweera H, Trifescu M, Kosobucka M (2019) Study of sludge particles formed during coagulation of synthetic and municipal wastewater for increasing the sludge dewatering efficiency. Water 11(1):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010101

  47. Okolo BI, Nnaji PC, Menkiti MC, Onukwuli OD (2015) A kinetic investigation of the pulverized okra pod induced coag-flocculation in treatment of paint wastewater. American J Anal Chem 6(07):610–622. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2015.67059

  48. Holtholf H, Egelhaaf SU, Brokovec M, Sharteh-Berger P, Sticher H (1996) J American Chem Soc 12:5541

    Google Scholar 

  49. Torres-Knoop A, Schamboeck V, Govindarajan N, Iedema PD, Kryven I (2021) Effect of different monomer precursors with identical functionality on the properties of the polymer network. Commun Mater 2(50). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-021-00154-x

  50. Lovell PA, Schork FJ (2020) Biomacromol 21:4396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Liu J, Xu D, Xia N, Hou K, Chen S, Wang Y, Li Y (2018) Molecules 23:1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules/23061452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Zhang Y, Liu P, Xiao L, Zhang Y, Yang X, Jiang L (2021) Separations 8:105. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8070105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Park J, Kim Y, Lee C, Kim D, Choi W, Kwon H, Kim J, Wang K, Lee J (2021) Nanomaterials 11:1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11081958

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Kricheldorf HR, Sceliga F, Weidner SM (2021) Macromol Chem Phys 222:1. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.202100010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Marinho R, Horiuchi L, Pires CA (2018) Effect of stirring speed on conversion and time to particle stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) produced by suspensionpolymerization process at the beginning of reaction. Braz J Chem Eng 35(02):631–640. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20180352s20160453

  56. Sahu OP, Chaudhari PK (2013) J Appl Sci Environ Manage 17:241

    Google Scholar 

  57. Miranda R, Latour I, Blanco A (2020). Front Chem. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Sanaz S (2021) Impact of physicochemical properties of lignin-based polymers on their flocculation and adsorption performance Ph. D. thesis. Lakehead University, Ontario, Canada

  59. Sibiya NP, Rathilal S, Tetteh EK (2021). Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Lopez-Maldonado EA, Orepeza-Guzman MT, Ochie-Teran A (2014). J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/969720

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Mahmudabadi TZ, Ebrahimi AA, Eslami H, Mokhtari M, Salmani MH, Ghaneian MT, Mohamadzadeh M and Pakdaman M (2018) AMB Express 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-018-0702-4

  62. Nwabanne JT, Oguegbu AA, Agu CM (2018). Inter J Electrochem. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4349639

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Appreciation is hereby given to the Federal Government of Nigeria for financial support in the experimental work through the Earned Allowances Research Fund. We wish to thank the staff of Sharon Paints Company, Ninth mile, Ngwo, Enugu state, Nigeria, for technical support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

    Julius U. Ani, Kovo G. Akpomie, Innocent O. Obi, Samson I. Eze & Uchechukwu C. Okoro

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa

    Kovo G. Akpomie

  3. Institute of Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa

    Nnaemeka J. Nnaji

  4. Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

    Okechukwu D. Onukwuli

Authors
  1. Julius U. Ani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kovo G. Akpomie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nnaemeka J. Nnaji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Innocent O. Obi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Samson I. Eze
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Okechukwu D. Onukwuli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Uchechukwu C. Okoro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

JUA: conceptualization, methodology, data analysis, writing – review and editing. KGA: writing – review and editing. NJN: data analysis, writing – review and editing. IOO: data analysis, writing – review and editing. SIE: writing – review and editing. ODO: conceptualization and editing. UCO: conceptualization and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Julius U. Ani.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ani, J.U., Akpomie, K.G., Nnaji, N.J. et al. Process efficiency and kinetics of coagulation for the decontamination of paint industry effluent using cashew nut husk tannins and alum. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03834-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03834-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation