Abstract
Laundry wastewater has a high amount of dirt from the washed items and chemical additives used in washing process. Aiming the primary treatment of this type of wastewater, three different natural coagulants (Tanfloc POP, Tanfloc SL, and Tanfloc SG) were evaluated in the removal of color and turbidity by the coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation process (C/F/S). The results showed that the time between 5 and 10 min was sufficient for the sedimentation of the flakes, with a time of 10 min being adopted for further studies. The statistical analysis and the cost of acquiring the coagulant were decisive in the selection of the best natural coagulant. The maximum values of color (88.7%) and turbidity (92.8%) removal efficiency occurred at a concentration of 120 mg L−1 (concentration determined by the Fischer LSD test) and the lowest cost (0.75$) obtained for the Tanfloc POP coagulant. The volume of sludge generated was higher in the treated effluent sample compared to the control sample, which proves the removal of total solids present in the effluent. The Tanfloc POP coagulant showed a high performance in removing color and turbidity from industrial laundry wastewater; it has been as a promising coagulant in the primary treatment of wastewater in this service sector.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article.
References
Aguilar, M. I., Saéz, J., Lloréns, M., Soler, A., & Ortuño, J. F. (2002). Nutrient removal and sludge production in the coagulation – flocculation process. Water Research, 36, 2910–2919.
Al-Gheethi, A., Mohamed, R. M. S. R., Wurochekke, A. A., Nurulainee, N. R., Rahayu, J. M., & Hashim, M. K. A. (2017). Efficiency of Moringa oleifera seeds for treatment of laundry wastewater. MATEC Web of Conferences, 103, 1–8.
Ang, W. L., Mohammad, A. W., Hilal, N., & Leo, C. P. (2015). A review on the applicability of integrated/hybrid membrane processes in water treatment and desalination plants. Desalination, 363, 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.03.008
APHA. (1998). APHA: Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation,.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials): 2015, ASTM D5176–08 standard test method for total chemically bound nitrogen in water by pyrolysis and chemiluminescence detection (Vol. 11.). Water and Environmental Technology.
Beltrán-Heredia, J., & Sánchez-Martín, J. (2009). Municipal wastewater treatment by modified tannin flocculant agent. Desalination, 249(1), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.01.039
Braga, J. K. & Varesche, M. B. A. (2014). Commercial laundry water characterisation. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 5(1), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2014.51002
Choobar, B. G., Shahmirzadi, M. A. A., Kargari, A., & Manouchehri, M. (2019). Fouling mechanism identification and analysis in microfiltration of laundry wastewater. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(2), 103030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103030
Ciabatti, I., Cesaro, F., Faralli, L., Fatarella, E., & Tognotti, F. (2009). Demonstration of a treatment system for purification and reuse of laundry wastewater. Desalination, 246(1–3), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.02.008
Collivignarelli, M. C., Abbà, A., Carnevale Miino, M., & Damiani, S. (2019). Treatments for color removal from wastewater: State of the art. Journal of Environmental Management, 236, 727–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.094
Dos Santos, J. D., Veit, M. T., Juchen, P. T., da Cunha Gonçalves, G., Palácio, S. M., & Fagundes-Klen, M. (2018). Use of different coagulants for cassava processing wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(2), 1821–1827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.02.039
Freitas, T. K. F. S., Oliveira, V. M., De Souza, M. T. F., Geraldino, H. C. L., Almeida, V. C., Fávaro, S. L., & Garcia, J. C. (2015). Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process for treatment of industrial textile wastewater using okra ( A. esculentus ) mucilage as natural coagulant. Industrial Crops & Products, 76, 538–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.06.027
Graham, N., Gang, F., Fowler, G., & Watts, M. (2008). Characterisation and coagulation performance of a tannin-based cationic polymer: A preliminary assessment. Colloids and Surfaces a: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 327(1–3), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.05.045
Hameed, Y. T., Idris, A., Hussain, S. A., & Abdullah, N. (2016). A tannin-based agent for coagulation and fl occulation of municipal wastewater : Chemical composition, performance assessment compared to Polyaluminum chloride, and application in a pilot plant. Journal of Environmental Management, 184, 494–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.033
Ho, K. C., Teow, Y. H., Sum, J. Y., Ng, Z. J., & Mohammad, A. W. (2021). Water pathways through the ages: Integrated laundry wastewater treatment for pollution prevention. Science of the Total Environment, 760, 143966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143966
Huang, A. K., Veit, M. T., Juchen, P. T., Gilberto, C. G., Palácio, S. M., & Cardoso, C. D. O. (2019). Sequential process of coagulation / flocculation / sedimentation- adsorption - microfiltration for laundry effluent treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(4), 103226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103226
Justina, M. D., Alves, M. V., & Skoronski, E. (2018). Applying different doses of tannin coagulated dairy sludge in soil: Influences on selected pollutants leaching and chemical agronomic attributes. Agricultural Water Management, 209(January), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.07.005
Kim, H. C., Shang, X., Huang, J. H., & Dempsey, B. A. (2014). Treating laundry waste water: Cationic polymers for removal of contaminants and decreased fouling in microfiltration. Journal of Membrane Science, 456, 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.01.028
Kim, S. (2016). Application of response surface method as an experimental design to optimize coagulation – flocculation process for pre-treating paper wastewater. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 38, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2016.04.010
Lopes, E. C., Santos, S. C. R., Pintor, A. M. A., Boaventura, R. A. R., & Botelho, C. M. S. (2019). Evaluation of a tannin-based coagulant on the decolorization of synthetic effluents. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(3), 103125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103125
Manda, I. K. M., Chidya, R. C. G., Saka, J. D. K., & Biswick, T. T. (2016). Comparative assessment of water treatment using polymeric and inorganic coagulants. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 93, 119–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2015.09.008
Mangrich, A. S., Doumer, M. E., Mallmann, A. S., & Wolf, C. R. (2014). Química Verde no Tratamento de Águas : Uso de Coagulante Derivado de Tanino de Acacia mearnsii. Revista Virtual De Química, 6(1), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.5935/1984-6835.20140002
Mohamad, N. A., Hamzah, S., Che Harun, M. H., Ali, A., Rasit, N., Awang, M., et al. (2021). Integration of copperas and calcium hydroxide as a chemical coagulant and coagulant aid for efficient treatment of palm oil mill effluent. Chemosphere, 281, 130873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130873
Momeni, M. M., Kahforoushan, D., Abbasi, F., & Ghanbarian, S. (2018). Using Chitosan/CHPATC as coagulant to remove color and turbidity of industrial wastewater: Optimization through RSM design. Journal of Environmental Management, 211, 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.031
Mozia, S., Janus, M., Brożek, P., Bering, S., Tarnowski, K., Mazur, J., & Morawski, A. W. (2016). A system coupling hybrid biological method with UV/O3oxidation and membrane separation for treatment and reuse of industrial laundry wastewater. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(19), 19145–19155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7111-5
Muthuraman, G., & Sasikala, S. (2014). Removal of turbidity from drinking water using natural coagulants. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 20(4), 1727–1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.08.023
Natarajan, S., Bajaj, H. C., & Tayade, R. J. (2018). Recent advances based on the synergetic effect of adsorption for removal of dyes from waste water using photocatalytic process. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 65, 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.03.011
Ortiz, A., García-Galán, M. J., García, J., & Díez-Montero, R. (2021). Optimization and operation of a demonstrative full scale microalgae harvesting unit based on coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation. Separation and Purification Technology, 259, 118171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118171
Pichler, T., Young, K., & Alcantar, N. (2012). Eliminating turbidity in drinking water using the mucilage of a common cactus. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 12(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.126
Saritha, V., Karnena, M. K., & Dwarapureddi, B. K. (2019). “Exploring natural coagulants as impending alternatives towards sustainable water clarification” – A comparative studies of natural coagulants with alum. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 32(August), 100982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100982
Shang, X., Kim, H. C., Huang, J. H., & Dempsey, B. A. (2015). Coagulation strategies to decrease fouling and increase critical flux and contaminant removal in microfiltration of laundry wastewater. Separation and Purification Technology, 147, 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.04.005
Šostar-Turk, S., Petrinić, I., & Simonič, M. (2005). Laundry wastewater treatment using coagulation and membrane filtration. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 44(2), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.11.002
Turkay, O., Barışçı, S., & Sillanpää, M. (2017). E-peroxone process for the treatment of laundry wastewater : A case study. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5(5), 4282–4290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.08.012
Vaz, L. G. D. L., Klen, M. R. F., Veit, M. T., Da Silva, E. A., Barbiero, T. A., & Bergamasco, R. (2010). Avaliação da eficiência de diferentes agentes coagulantes na remoção de cor e turbidez em efluente de galvanoplastia. Eclética Química, 35(4), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v35.4.2010.p45-54
Zahrim, A. Y., Hilal, N., & Tizaoui, C. (2013). Tubular nano fi ltration of highly concentrated C . I . Acid Black 210 dye. Water Science & Technology, 67(4), 901–906. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.638
Funding
The present work was financially supported by the Brazilian research funding agency CAPES (Federal Agency for the Support and Improvement of Higher Education).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Consent for Publication
All authors consent to the submission and publication in the journal.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Oliveira Cardoso Nascimento, C., Veit, M.T., Palácio, S.M. et al. Use of Natural Coagulants in the Removal of Color and Turbidity from Laundry Wastewater. Water Air Soil Pollut 232, 300 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05253-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05253-6