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Pretreatment of finger millet straw (Eleusine coracana) for enzymatic hydrolysis towards bioethanol production

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A Correction to this article was published on 13 May 2023

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Abstract

To obtain high yields of products through bioconversion processes, biomass must be pretreated to change its recalcitrant structures. The key goal of this analysis is to compare the findings in terms of total reducing sugar yield after organic solvents and hot water pretreatment on finger millet straw (FMS) using laboratory-scale equipment. Accordingly, the effect of two separate pretreatments, i.e., liquid hot water, and organic solvent (ethanol) at autoclave, and furnace temperatures, was investigated in this study to increase the enzymatic conversion of FMS under optimal conditions. The biomass recovery was found highest under the liquid hot water (autoclave; 94.77 ± 0.017%) pretreatment conditions. In addition, the cellulose content improved significantly with pretreatment, increasing from 41.7 ± 0.74 to 55.33 ± 0.89%, while the hemicellulose and lignin contents significantly decreased. The untreated sample having a lignin amount of around 6.42 ± 0.21% after different pretreatment methods dropped significantly (p = 0.00737**) and was found to have a 39.8 ± 1.84% delignification rate based on the ethanol autoclave method. The findings of the study revealed that the FMS is severely affected by liquid hot water and organic solvent pretreatment in the autoclave than the furnace. After the pretreatment procedure, the maximum amount of crystalline cellulose in biomass was transformed to the amorphous state, as shown by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The pretreated cellulase blend enzyme sample was most active on the biomass treated with 1:20% (w/v) liquid hot water combined with autoclave heating at 121 °C, with 15 psi for 20 min, resulting in highest total reducing sugars; thus, results showed that the pretreated sample (0.75 g) contains 60.94 mg/g of fermentative sugars based on a 15% (w/v) ratio which claimed to be the fact that this is a better result than any other research by using FMS.

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Data availability

Data can be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Change history

Abbreviations

ADF:

Acid detergent fiber

ADL:

Acid detergent lignin

CBP:

Consolidated bioprocessing

CrI:

Crystallinity index

DNS:

3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid

DP:

Degree of polymerization

FMS:

Finger millet straw

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Gtoe:

Gigatonne of oil equivalent

HMF:

Hydroxymethylfurfural

HVO:

Hydrotreated vegetable oil

LC:

Lignocellulose

LHW:

Liquid hot water

MPa:

Megapascal

Mtoe:

Millions of tonnes of oil equivalent

NDF:

Neutral detergent fiber

OS:

Organic solvent

PSSCF:

Pre-hydrolysis, simultaneous saccharification, and co-fermentation

RFA:

Renewable Fuels Association

RPM:

Revolution per minute

RS:

Rice straw

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SGB:

Second-generation bioethanol

SSCF:

Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation

SVOCs:

Semi-volatile organic compounds

TRS:

Total reducing sugar

VOC:

Volatile organic compound

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India, and the Sophisticated Test and Instrumentation Centre (STIC), Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, 682022, Kerala, India, for the SEM and XRD analysis, respectively. In addition, the authors would like to give their profound gratitude to Mr. Karan Khadayat for his suggestions. The authors also acknowledge Mr. Sagar Aryal for providing the figures through biorender.com.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biological Chemistry Lab, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 44618, Nepal

    Ganesh Lamichhane & Niranjan Parajuli

  2. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China

    Sujan Khadka

  3. Department of Geoscience, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan

    Ashis Acharya

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Contributions

GL performed the lab experiment and prepared the initial draft of the manuscript. SK and AA edited as well as revised the manuscript in collaboration with GL. GL, SK, and AA performed the data analysis, and NP supervised this work.

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Correspondence to Niranjan Parajuli.

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Lamichhane, G., Khadka, S., Acharya, A. et al. Pretreatment of finger millet straw (Eleusine coracana) for enzymatic hydrolysis towards bioethanol production. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 6105–6119 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01633-4

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