Abstract
Cotton stalk is the most widely generated agricultural residue with lower economic importance, and can be employed as a feedstock in lignocellulosic biorefinery for the manufacture of bioethanol and other value-added bioproducts. Cotton stalk possesses high holocellulose content, which can be saccharified to various fermentable sugars for bioethanol production. However, the occurrence of high amount of lignin in cotton stalk renders it an inferior substrate for bioethanol production. Selection of suitable pretreatment process can improve digestibility of cotton stalk and hence higher sugar concentration on subsequent enzymatic saccharification. Furthermore, fermentation of hexose and pentoses sugars to ethanol requires robust microbial strains and efficient fermentation methods. Therefore, the major hindrance in commercializing lignocellulosic ethanol from cotton stalk is to develop an effective combination of pretreatment, saccharification, and fermentation methods thereby making the whole bioconversion process economically viable. This review paper discusses various previously investigated pretreatment, acid and/or enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation methods for cotton stalk-to-lignocellulosic ethanol production. Finally, it also discusses the major barriers in bioethanol fermentation strategies, and as well future perspectives to overcome these issues.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dutra ED, Santos FA, Alencar BR, Reis AL, de Souza RD, da Silva Aquino KA, Morais MA Jr, Menezes RS (2018) Alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass: status and perspectives. Biomass Conv Bioref 8:225–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-017-0277-3
Keshav PK, Naseeruddin S, Rao LV (2016a) Improved enzymatic saccharification of steam exploded cotton stalk using alkaline extraction and fermentation of cellulosic sugars into ethanol. Bioresour Technol 214:363–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.108
Su T, Zhao D, Khodadadi M, Len C (2020) Lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol: recent advances, technology trends and barriers to industrial development. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 24:56–60
Nanda S, Mohammad J, Reddy SN, Kozinski JA, Dalai AK (2014) Pathways of lignocellulosic biomass conversion to renewable fuels. Biomass Conv Bioref 4(2):157–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-013-0097-z
Spyridon A, Willem Euverink GJ (2016) Consolidated briefing of biochemical ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Electron J Biotechnol 19:44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.07.006
Germec M, Turhan I (2018) Ethanol production from acid-pretreated and detoxified rice straw as sole renewable resource. Biomass Conv Bioref 8(3):607–619
Du SK, Su X, Yang W, Wang Y, Kuang M, Ma L, Fand D, Zhou D (2016) Enzymatic saccharification of high pressure assist-alkali pretreated cotton stalk and structural characterization. Carbohydr Polym 140:279–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.056
Jeong SY, Lee JW (2016) Optimization of pretreatment condition for ethanol production from oxalic acid pretreated biomass by response surface methodology. Ind Crop Prod 79:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.10.036
Meneses DB, Montes de Oca-Vásquez G, Vega-Baudrit JR, Rojas-Álvarez M, Corrales-Castillo J, Murillo-Araya LC (2020) Pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic wastes into value-added products: recent advances and possibilities. Biomass Conv Bioref 22:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00722-0
Keshav PK, Shaik N, Koti S, Linga VR (2016b) Bioconversion of alkali delignified cotton stalk using two-stage dilute acid hydrolysis and fermentation of detoxified hydrolysate into ethanol. Ind Crop Prod 91:323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.07.031
Koizumi T (2015) Biofuels and food security. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 52:829–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.041
Duque A, Álvarez C, Doménech P, Manzanares P, Moreno AD (2021) Advanced bioethanol production: from novel raw materials to integrated biorefineries. Processes 9(2):206
Liu CG, Xiao Y, Xia XX, Zhao XQ, Peng L, Srinophakun P, Bai FW (2019) Cellulosic ethanol production: progress, challenges and strategies for solutions. Biotechnol Adv 37:491–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.002
Jahnavi G, Prashanthi GS, Sravanthi K, Rao LV (2017) Status of availability of lignocellulosic feed stocks in India: biotechnological strategies involved in the production of Bioethanol. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 73:798–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.018
Ethanol Industry Outlook (2019) Renewable fuels association. https://ethanolrfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/RFA2019Outlook.pdf. Accessed 15 Mar 2020
Guo JM, Wang YT, Cheng JR, Zhu MJ (2020) Enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation efficiency of rice straw by pretreatment of sodium perborate. Biomass Convers Biorefin. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00668-3
International Energy Agency (2018) World energy outlook fact sheet: Global energy trends. OECD/IEA, Paris. http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/docs/weo2008/fact_sheets_08.pdf. Accessed 15 Mar 2020
Das S (2020) The National Policy of biofuels of India–A perspective. Energy Policy 143:111595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111595
National Policy on Biofuels (2018) Ministry of petroleum and natural gas. The gazette of India: Extraordinary [PART I−SEC.1].http://petroleum.nic.in/sites/default/files/biofuelpolicy2018_1.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2020
Banoth C, Sunkar B, Tondamanati PR, Bhukya B (2017) Improved physicochemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw for bioethanol production by yeast fermentation. 3 Biotech 7:334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0980-6
Zhao C, Zou Z, Li J, Jia H, Liesche J, Chen S, Fang H (2018) Efficient bioethanol production from sodium hydroxide pretreated corn stover and rice straw in the context of on-site cellulase production. Renew Energy 118:14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.11.001
Govumoni SP, Koti S, Kothagouni SY, Venkateshwar S, Linga VR (2013) Evaluation of pretreatment methods for enzymatic saccharification of wheat straw for bioethanol production. CarbohydrPolym 91:646–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.019
Canilha L, Kumar Chandel A, dos Santos Milessi TS, Fernandes Antunes FA, da Costa Freitas WL, das Gracas Almeida Felipe M, da Silva SS (2012) Bioconversion of sugarcane biomass into ethanol: an overview about composition, pretreatment methods, detoxification of hydrolysates, enzymatic saccharification, and ethanol fermentation. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/989572
Prasad S, Singh A, Korres NE, Rathore D, Sevda S, Pant D (2020) Sustainable utilization of crop residues for energy generation: A life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. Bioresour Technol 303:122964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122964
Hiloidhari M, Das D, Baruah DC (2014) Bioenergy potential from crop residue biomass in India. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 32:504–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.025
Al Afif R, Pfeifer C, Pröll T (2019) Bioenergy recovery from cotton stalk. Adv Cotton Res IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88005
Jiang W, Chang S, Li H, Oleskowicz T, Louloudi A, Kalogiannis KG, Lappas AA, Papayannakos N, Kekos D, Mamma D (2019) Effect of various pretreatment methods on bioethanol production from cotton stalks. Fermentation 5:5. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5010005
Binod P, Kuttiraja M, Archana M, Janu KU, Sindhu R, Sukumaran RK, Pandey A (2012) High temperature pretreatment and hydrolysis of cotton stalk for producing sugars for bioethanol production. Fuel 92:340–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.07.044
Agbor VB, Cicek N, Sparling R, Berlin A, Levin DB (2011) Biomass pretreatment: fundamentals toward application. Biotechnol Adv 29:675–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.005
Li Y, Zhuo J, Liu P, Chen P, Hu H, Wang Y, Wang Y (2018) Distinct wall polymer deconstruction for high biomass digestibility under chemical pretreatment in Miscanthus and rice. Carbohydr Polym 192:273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.013
Akpinar O, Levent O, Bostanci S, Bakir U, Yilmaz L (2011) The optimization of dilute acid hydrolysis of cotton stalk in xylose production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 163:313–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-010-9040-y
Wang Y, Gong X, Hu X, Zhou N (2019) Lignin monomer in steam explosion assist chemical treated cotton stalk affects sugar release. Bioresour Technol 276:343–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.008
Barton N, Horbal L, Starck S, Kohlstedt M, Luzhetskyy A, Wittmann C (2018) Enabling the valorization of guaiacol-based lignin: Integrated chemical and biochemical production of cis, cis-muconic acid using metabolically engineered Amycolatopsis sp ATCC 39116. Metab Eng 45:200–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2017.12.001
Becker J, Wittmann C (2019) A field of dreams: Lignin valorization into chemicals, materials, fuels, and health-care products. Biotechnol Adv 37:107360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.016
Kohlstedt M, Starck S, Barton N, Stolzenberger J, Selzer M, Mehlmann K, Schneiderc R, Pleissnerc D, Rinkelb J, Dickschat JS, Venusc J, van Duuren J, Wittmann C (2018) From lignin to nylon: cascaded chemical and biochemical conversion using metabolically engineered Pseudomonas putida. Metab Eng 47:279–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2018.03.003
Meléndez-Hernández PA, Hernández-Beltrán JU, Hernández-Guzmán A, Morales-Rodríguez R, Torres-Guzmán JC, Hernández-Escoto H (2019) Comparative of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment using NaOH and Ca (OH)2 and their effects on enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation steps. Biomass Conv Bioref 2:23–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-012-0040-8
Vohra M, Manwar J, Manmode R, Padgilwar S, Patil S (2014) Bioethanol production: feedstock and current technologies. J Environ Chem Eng 2:573–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.10.013
Sun D, Yang Q, Wang Y, Gao H, He M, Lin X, Lu J, Wang Y, Kang H, Alam A, Tu Y, Xia T, Tu Y (2020) Distinct mechanisms of enzymatic saccharification and bioethanol conversion enhancement by three surfactants under steam explosion and mild chemical pretreatments in bioenergy Miscanthus. Ind Crop Prod 153:112559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112559
Ebrahimi M, Caparanga AR, Ordono EE, Villaflores OB, Pouriman M (2017) Effect of ammonium carbonate pretreatment on the enzymatic digestibility, structural characteristics of rice husk and bioethanol production via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen 2055. Ind Crop Prod 101:84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.03.006
Rastogi M, Shrivastava S (2017) Recent advances in second generation bioethanol production: an insight to pretreatment, saccharification and fermentation processes. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 80:330–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.225
Ravindran R, Jaiswal AK (2016) A comprehensive review on pre-treatment strategy for lignocellulosic food industry waste: challenges and opportunities. Bioresour Technol 199:92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.106
Revin V, Atykyan N, Zakharkin D (2016) Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of ultra-dispersed wood particles after ultrasonic pretreatment. Electron J Biotechnol 19:14–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.11.007
Bhardwaj N, Kumar B, Verma P (2020) Microwave-assisted pretreatment using alkali metal salt in combination with orthophosphoric acid for generation of enhanced sugar and bioethanol. Biomass Conv Bioref. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00640-1
Sun S, Sun S, Cao X, Sun R (2016) The role of pretreatment in improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. Bioresour Technol 199:49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.061
Galbe M, Zacchi G (2012) Pretreatment: The key to efficient utilization of lignocellulosic materials. Biomass Bioenergy 46:70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.03.026
Kumar AK, Sharma S (2017) Recent updates on different methods of pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstocks: a review. Bioresour Bioprocess 4:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-017-0137-9
Rabemanolontsoa H, Saka S (2016) Various pretreatments of lignocellulosics. Bioresour Technol 199:83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.029
Carvalho DM, de Queiroz JH, Colodette JL (2016) Assessment of alkaline pretreatment for the production of bioethanol from eucalyptus, sugarcane bagasse and sugarcane straw. Ind Crop Prod 94:932–941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.09.069
Wang W, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Tan X, Zhuang X, Yuan Z (2020) Effect of sodium hydroxide pretreatment on physicochemical changes and enzymatic hydrolysis of herbaceous and woody lignocelluloses. Ind Crop Prod 145:112145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112145
Kaur U, Oberoi HS, Bhargav VK, Sharma-Shivappa R, Dhaliwal SS (2012) Ethanol production from alkali- and ozone-treated cotton stalks using thermotolerant Pichia kudriavzevii HOP-1. Ind Crop Prod 37:219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.12.007
Chen L, Li J, Lu M, Guo X, Zhang H, Han L (2016) Integrated chemical and multi-scale structural analyses for the processes of acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Carbohydr Polym 141:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.079
Saha BC, Iten LB, Cotta MA, Wu YV (2005) Dilute acid pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation of wheat straw to ethanol. Process Biochem 40:3693–3700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2005.04.006
Jönsson LJ, Alriksson B, Nilvebrant NO (2013) Bioconversion of lignocellulose: inhibitors and detoxification. Biotechnol Biofuels 6:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-16
Jönsson LJ, Martín C (2016) Pretreatment of lignocellulose: formation of inhibitory by-products and strategies for minimizing their effects. Bioresour Technol 199:103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.009
Silverstein RA, Chen Y, Sharma-Shivappa RR, Boyette MD, Osborne J (2007) A comparison of chemical pretreatment methods for improving saccharification of cotton stalks. Bioresour Technol 98:3000–3011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.022
Travaini R, Martín-Juárez J, Lorenzo-Hernando A, Bolado-Rodríguez S (2016) Ozonolysis: an advantageous pretreatment for lignocellulosic biomass revisited. Bioresour Technol 99:2–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.143
Aid T, Hyvärinen S, Vaher M, Koel M, Mikkola JP (2016) Saccharification of lignocellulosic biomasses via ionic liquid pretreatment. Ind Crop Prod 92:336–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.08.017
Haghighi Mood S, Hossein Golfeshan A, Tabatabaei M, Salehi Jouzani G, Najafi GH, Gholami M, Ardjmand M (2013) Lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, a comprehensive review with a focus on pretreatment. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 27:77–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.033
Sharma V, Nargotra P, Sharma S, Bajaj BK (2020) Efficient bioconversion of sugarcane tops biomass into biofuel-ethanol using an optimized alkali-ionic liquid pretreatment approach. Biomass Conv Bioref 11:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01123-z
Haykir NI, Bakir U (2013) Ionic liquid pretreatment allows utilization of high substrate loadings in enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass to produce ethanol from cotton stalks. Ind Crop Prod 51:408–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.017
Haykir NI, Bahcegul E, Bicak N, Bakir U (2013) Pretreatment of cotton stalk with ionic liquids including 2-hydroxy ethyl ammonium formate to enhance biomass digestibility. Ind Crop Prod 41:430–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.04.041
Singh J, Suhag M, Dhaka A (2015) Augmented digestion of lignocellulose by steam explosion, acid and alkaline pretreatment methods: A review. Carbohydr Polym 117:624–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.012
Chadni M, Grimi N, Bals O, Ziegler-Devin I, Brosse N (2019) Steam explosion process for the selective extraction of hemicelluloses polymers from spruce sawdust. Ind Crop Prod 141:111757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111757
Fan X, Cheng G, Zhang H, Li M, Wang S, Yuan Q (2014) Effects of acid impregnated steam explosion process on xylose recovery and enzymatic conversion of cellulose in corncob. Carbohydr Polym 114:21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.051
Huang Y, Wei X, Zhou S, Liu M, Tu Y, Li A, Chen P, Wang Y, Zhang X, Tai H, Peng L, Xia T (2015) Steam explosion distinctively enhances biomass enzymatic saccharification of cotton stalks by largely reducing cellulose polymerization degree in G. barbadense and G. hirsutum. Bioresour Technol 181:224–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.020
Yu Q, Zhuang X, Lv S, He M, Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Qi W, Wang Q, Wang W, Tan X (2013) Liquid hot water pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse and its comparison with chemical pretreatment methods for the sugar recovery and structural changes. Bioresour Technol 129:592–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.099
Zhuang X, Wang W, Yu Q, Qi W, Wang Q, Tan X, Zhou G, Yuan Z (2016) Liquid hot water pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production accompanying with high valuable products. Bioresour Technol 199:68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.051
Arenas-Cárdenas P, López-López A, Moeller-Chávez GE, León-Becerril E (2016) Current pretreatments of lignocellulosic residues in the production of bioethanol. Waste Biomass Valor 8:161–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9559-4
Hu M, Yu H, Li Y, Li A, Cai Q, Liu P, Peng L (2018) Distinct polymer extraction and cellulose DP reduction for complete cellulose hydrolysis under mild chemical pretreatments in sugarcane. Carbohydr Polym 202:434–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.039
Jiang W, Chang S, Li H, Oleskowicz-Popiel P, Xu J (2015) Liquid hot water pretreatment on different parts of cotton stalk to facilitate ethanol production. Bioresour Technol 176:175–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.023
Sindhu R, Binod P, Pandey A (2016) Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass—an overview. Bioresour Technol 199:76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.030
Deswal D, Gupta R, Nandal P, Kuhad RC (2014) Fungal pretreatment improves amenability of lignocellulosic material for its saccharification to sugars. Carbohydr Polym 99:264–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.045
García-Torreiro M, López-Abelairas M, Lu-Chau TA, Lema JM (2016) Fungal pretreatment of agricultural residues for bioethanol production. Ind Crop Prod 89:486–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.05.036
Sharma HK, Xu C, Qin W (2019) Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels and bioproducts: an overview. Waste Biomass Valor 10(2):235–251
Vats S, Maurya DP, Shaimoon M, Agarwal A, Negi S (2013) Development of a microbial consortium for the production of blend enzymes for the hydrolysis of agricultural waste into sugars. J Sci Ind Res 72:585–590. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/20953. Accessed 20 Nov 2020
Yuan X, Ma L, Wen B, Zhou D, Kuang M, Yang W, Cui Z (2016) Enhancing anaerobic digestion of cotton stalk by pretreatment with a microbial consortium (MC1). Bioresour Technol 207:293–301
Shi J, Sharma-Shivappa RR, Chinn M, Howell N (2009) Effect of microbial pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of cotton stalks for ethanol production. Biomass Bioenergy 33:88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.04.01683
Shi J, Sharma-Shivappa RR, Chinn MS (2012) Interactions between fungal growth, substrate utilization and enzyme production during shallow stationary cultivation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on cotton stalks. Enzym Microb Technol 51:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.04.016
Meehnian H, Jana AK (2017) Cotton stalk pretreatment using Daedalea flavida, Phlebia radiata, and Flavodon flavus: lignin degradation, cellulose recovery, and enzymatic saccharification. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 181(4):1465–1484
Taherzadeh MJ, Karimi K (2007a) Acid-based hydrolysis processes for ethanol from lignocellulosic materials: a review. BioResources 2:472–499
Yeh AI, Huang YC, Chen SH (2010) Effect of particle size on the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 79:192–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.07.049
Kristiani A, Abimanyu H, Setiawan AH, Sudiyarmanto Aulia F (2013) Effect of pretreatment process by using diluted acid to characteristic of oil palm's frond. Energy Procedia 32:183–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.05.024
Loow YL, Wu TY, Jahim JM, Mohammad AW, Teoh WH (2016) Typical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into reducing sugars using dilute acid hydrolysis and alkaline pretreatment. Cellulose 23:1491–1520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0936-8
Xu Z, Huang F (2014) Pretreatment methods for bioethanol production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 174:43–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-1015-y
Yang B, Wyman CE (2008) Pretreatment: the key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic ethanol. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 2:26–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.49
Naseeruddin S, Desai S, Venkateswar Rao L (2016) Selection of suitable mineral acid and its concentration for biphasic dilute acid hydrolysis of the sodium dithionite delignified Prosopis juliflora to hydrolyze maximum holocellulose. Bioresour Technol 202:231–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.025
Zhuang J, Liu Y, Wu Z, Sun Y, Lin L (2009) Hydrolysis of wheat straw hemicellulose and detoxification of the hydrolysate for xylitol production. BioResources 4:674–686
Chandel AK, Silva SS, Singh OV (2012) Detoxification of lignocellulose hydrolysates: biochemical and metabolic engineering toward white biotechnology. BioEnergy Res 6:388–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9241-z
Landaeta R, Acevedo F, Aroca G (2019) Effective diffusion coefficients and bioconversion rates of inhibitory compounds in flocs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Electron J Biotechnol 42:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2019.08.001
Taherzadeh MJ, Karimi K (2007b) Enzymatic-based hydrolysis processes for Ethanol. BioResources 2:707–738
Van Dyk JS, Pletschke BI (2012) A review of lignocellulose bioconversion using enzymatic hydrolysis and synergistic cooperation between enzymes—factors affecting enzymes, conversion and synergy. Biotechnol Adv 30:1458–1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.03.002
Brethauer S, Studer MH (2015) Biochemical conversion processes of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals— a review. Chimia (Aarau) 69:572-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117164
Gomes A, Moysés DN, Santa Anna LMM, de Castro AM (2018) Fed-batch strategies for saccharification of pilot-scale mild-acid and alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse: effects of solid loading and surfactant addition. Ind Crop Prod 119:283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.04.026
Manzanares P, Ballesteros I, Negro MJ, Oliva JM, Gonzalez A, Ballesteros M (2012) Biological conversion of forage sorghum biomass to ethanol by steam explosion pretreatment and simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation at high solid content. Biomass Conv Bioref 2(2):123–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-012-0040-8
Mota TR, Oliveira DM, Morais GR, Marchiosi R, Buckeridge MS, Ferrarese-Filho O, dos Santos WD (2019) Hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid pretreatment increases the saccharification and enzyme adsorption on lignocellulose. Ind Crop Prod 140:111657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111657
Zhao X, Cheng K, Liu D (2009) Organosolv pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 82:815–827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-1883-1
Chilari D, Dimos K, Georgoula G, Paschos T, Mamma D, Louloudi A, Papayannakos N, Kekos D (2017) Bioethanol production from alkali-treated cotton stalks at high solids loading applying non-isothermal simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Waste Biomass Valor 8:1919–1929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9818-4
Christopher M, Mathew AK, Kiran Kumar M, Pandey A, Sukumaran RK (2017) A biorefinery-based approach for the production of ethanol from enzymatically hydrolysed cotton stalks. Bioresour Technol 242:178–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.190
Keshav PK, Banoth C, Anthappagudem A, Linga VR, Bhukya B (2018) Sequential acid and enzymatic saccharification of steam exploded cotton stalk and subsequent ethanol production using Scheffersomyces stipitis NCIM 3498. Ind Cro Prods 125:462–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.08.060
Banerjee S, Mudliar S, Sen R, Giri B, Satpute D, Chakrabarti T, Pandey RA (2010) Commercializing lignocellulosic bioethanol: technology bottlenecks and possible remedies. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 4:77–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.188
Chen Y (2011) Development and application of co-culture for ethanol production by co-fermentation of glucose and xylose: a systematic review. J Ind Microbiol Biotechol 38:581–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-010-0894-3
Kleingesinds EK, José ÁH, Brumano LP, Silva-Fernandes T, Rodrigues D Jr, Rodrigues RC (2018) Intensification of bioethanol production by using Tween 80 to enhance dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of corncob. Ind Crop Prod 124:166–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.07.037
Ko JK, Lee SM (2018) Advances in cellulosic conversion to fuels: engineering yeasts for cellulosic bioethanol and biodiesel production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 50:72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2017.11.007
Rehman O, Shahid A, Liu CG, Xu JR, Javed MR, Eid NH, Gull M, Nawaz M, Mehmood MA (2019) Optimization of low-temperature energy-efficient pretreatment for enhanced saccharification and fermentation of Conocarpus erectus leaves to produce ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biomass Conv Bioref 10:1269–1278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00529-8
Akinosho H, Rydzak T, Borole A, Ragauskas A, Close D (2015) Toxicological challenges to microbial bioethanol production and strategies for improved tolerance. Ecotoxicol 24:2156–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-015-1543-4
Lynd LR, Guss AM, Himmel ME, Beri D, Herring C, Holwerda EK, Shao X (2016) Advances in consolidated bioprocessing using Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacter saccharolyticum. Ind Biotechnol Microorganisms, First Edition 10:365–394. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527807796.ch10
Choudhary J, Singh S, Nain L (2016) Thermotolerant fermenting yeasts for simultaneous saccharification fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass. Electron J Biotechnol 21:82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.02.007
Fernandes-Klajn F, Romero-García JM, Díaz MJ, Castro E (2018) Comparison of fermentation strategies for ethanol production from olive tree pruning biomass. Ind Crop Prod 122:98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.063
Kawaguchi H, Hasunuma T, Ogino C, Kondo A (2016) Bioprocessing of bio-based chemicals produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks. Curr Opin Biotechnol 42:30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2016.02.031
Sophanodorn K, Unpaprom Y, Whangchai K, Duangsuphasin A, Manmai N, Ramaraj R (2020) A biorefinery approach for the production of bioethanol from alkaline-pretreated, enzymatically hydrolyzed Nicotiana tabacum stalks as feedstock for the bio-based industry. Biomass Conv Bioref. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01177-z
Malik K, Salama ES, Kim TH, Li X (2020) Enhanced ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation post acidic and alkali chemical pretreatments of cotton stalk lignocellulose. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 147:104869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.104869
Singh A, Bajar S, Bishnoi NR (2017) Physico-chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of cotton stalk for ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioresour Technol 244:71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.123
Uyan M, Alptekin FM, Bastabak B, Ozgul S, Erdogan B, Ogut TC, Sezer U, Celiktas MS (2019) Combined biofuel production from cotton stalk and seed with a biorefinery approach. Biomass Conv Biorefin 12:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00427-z
Zhang C (2019) Lignocellulosic Ethanol: Technology and Economics. In alcohol fuels-current technologies and future prospect. IntechOpen:1–21. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86701
Demeke MM, Dietz H, Li Y, Foulquié-Moreno MR, Mutturi S, Deprez S et al (2013) Development of a D-xylose fermenting and inhibitor tolerant industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with high performance in lignocellulose hydrolysates using metabolic and evolutionary engineering. Biotechnol Biofuels 6(1):1–24
Sharma S, Arora A (2020) Tracking strategic developments for conferring xylose utilization/fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ann Microbiol 70(1):1–17
Shin HY, Nijland JG, de Waal PP, de Jong RM, Klaassen P, Driessen AJ (2015) An engineered cryptic Hxt11 sugar transporter facilitates glucose–xylose co-consumption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Biofuels 8(1):1–13
Hou J, Qiu C, Shen Y, Li H, Bao X (2017) Engineering of saccharomyces cerevisiae for the efficient co-utilization of glucose and xylose. FEMS Yeast Res 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/femsyr/fox034
Gao M, Ploessl D, Shao Z (2019) Enhancing the co-utilization of biomass-derived mixed sugars by yeasts. Front Microbiol 9:3264
Choi KR, Jang WD, Yang D, Cho JS, Park D, Lee SY (2019) Systems metabolic engineering strategies: integrating systems and synthetic biology with metabolic engineering. Trends Biotechnol 37:817–837. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS00155D
Fan Z (2014) Consolidated Bioprocessing for Ethanol Production. Biorefineries Elsevier:141–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59498-3.00007-5
Cui J, Olson DG, Lynd LR (2019) Characterization of the Clostridium thermocellum AdhE, NfnAB, ferredoxin and Pfor proteins for their ability to support high titer ethanol production in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum. Metab Eng 51:32–42
Papanek B, Biswas R, Rydzak T, Guss AM (2015) Elimination of metabolic pathways to all traditional fermentation products increases ethanol yields in Clostridium thermocellum. Metab Eng 32:49–54
Biswas R, Prabhu S, Lynd LR, Guss AM (2014) Increase in ethanol yield via elimination of lactate production in an ethanol-tolerant mutant of Clostridium thermocellum. PLoS One 9(2):e86389
Dimos K, Paschos T, Louloudi A, Kalogiannis KG, Lappas AA, Papayannakos N, Kekos D, Mamma D (2019) Effect of various pretreatment methods on bioethanol production from cotton stalks. Fermentation 5:5. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation5010005
Acknowledgements
This review was sponsored by RUSA 2.0 Grant programme, Ministry of Human Resource Development of India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interest
The authors declare no competing interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Keshav, P.K., Banoth, C., Kethavath, S.N. et al. Lignocellulosic ethanol production from cotton stalk: an overview on pretreatment, saccharification and fermentation methods for improved bioconversion process. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 4477–4493 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01468-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01468-z