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Ti3C2 (MXene), an advanced carrier system: role in photothermal, photoacoustic, enhanced drugs delivery and biological activity in cancer therapy

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Abstract

In the realm of healthcare and the advancing field of medical sciences, the development of efficient drug delivery systems become an immense promise to cure several diseases. Despite considerable advancements in drug delivery systems, numerous challenges persist, necessitating further enhancements to optimize patient outcomes. Smart nano-carriers, for instance, 2D sheets nano-carriers are the recently emerging nanosheets that may garner attention for targeted delivery of bioactive compounds, drugs, and genes to kill cancer cells. Within these advancements, Ti3C2TX-MXene, characterized as a two-dimensional transition metal carbide, has surfaced as a prominent intelligent nanocarrier within nanomedicine. Its noteworthy characteristics facilitated it as an ideal nanocarrier for cancer therapy. In recent advancements in drug delivery research, Ti3C2TX-MXene 2D nanocarriers have been designed to release drugs in response to specific stimuli, guided by distinct physicochemical  parameters. This review emphasized the multifaceted role of Ti3C2TX-MXene as a potential carrier for delivering poorly hydrophilic drugs to cancer cells, facilitated by various polymer coatings. Furthermore, beyond drug delivery, this smart nanocarrier demonstrates utility in photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy, further highlighting its significant role in cellular mechanisms.

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 No data was used for the research described in the article.

Abbreviations

Ti3C2 :

Titanium Carbide

VEGFR:

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor

mAb:

Monoclonal antibody

PD1:

Programmed cell death receptor-1

IV:

Intravenous

SC:

Subcutaneous

GI:

Gastrointestinal tract

−F:

Fluorine

−O:

Oxygen

−OH:

Hydroxyl

Ti3AlC2 :

Titanium aluminum carbide

UV:

Ultraviolet

Nm:

Nanometer

NIR:

Near-infrared

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PVP:

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

Nb2C:

Niobium Carbide

Pt:

Platinum

DOX:

Doxorubicin

HeLa:

Henrietta Lacks

CT:

Computed tomography

MRI:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

EPR:

Enhanced permeability and retention

PA:

Photoacoustic

ICP-OES:

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

pH:

Potential of Hydrogen

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

O2– :

Superoxide anion

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

IR:

Ionizing radiation

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

IL:

Ionic liquids

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1 beta

IL-6:

Interleukin 6

TNF-α:

Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha

HepG2:

Hepatoblastoma cell line

CD44:

Cluster of Differentiation 44

NPD:

Nb2C plasmon (MXene), Pt nanozymes, doxorubicin

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

PBS:

Phosphate buffered saline

DMEM:

Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium

CD:

Carbon dots

SP:

Soybean phospholipid

HA:

Hyaluronic acid

MOF:

Metal-organic frameworks

CRISPR:

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

PDA:

Polydopamine

JC-1:

Tetraethylbenzimi-dazoylcarbocyanine iodide

EGCG:

Epigallocatechin gallate

TPOM:

Ti3C2-PEG-OVA-Mn2+

DC:

Dendritic cell

PTT:

Photothermal therapy

Mn2+ :

Manganese (2+)

STING:

Stimulator of interferon genes

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

CD80:

Cluster of Differentiation 80

CD86:

Cluster of Differentiation 86

CD11c:

Cluster of Differentiation 11c

MHC-II:

Major histocompatibility complex class II

IFN-β:

Interferon-β

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

WNT:

Wingless-related integration site

HIF-1α:

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

ATM:

Ataxia-Telangiectasia mutated

CHK2:

Checkpoint kinase 2

CDK4:

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4

Na+ :

Sodium (1+)

K+ :

Potassium (1+)

ATPase:

Adenosine triphosphatase

BMP2:

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

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    Vishal Kumar Deb & Utkarsh Jain

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Deb, V.K., Jain, U. Ti3C2 (MXene), an advanced carrier system: role in photothermal, photoacoustic, enhanced drugs delivery and biological activity in cancer therapy. Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-024-01572-3

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