Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Engineering and functional properties of biodegradable pellets developed from various agro-industrial wastes using extrusion technology

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Food Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Different agro-industrial wastes were mixed with different plasticizers and extruded to form the pellets to be used further for development of biodegradable molded pots. Bulk density and macro-porosity are the important engineering properties used to determine the functional characteristics of the biodegradable pellets viz., expansion volume, water solubility, product colour, flowability and compactness. Significant differences in the functional properties of pellets with varying bulk densities (loose and tapped) and macro-porosities (loose, tapped) were observed. The observed mean bulk density of biodegradable pellets made from different formulations ranged between 0.213 and 0.560 g/ml for loose fill conditions and 0.248 to 0.604 g/ml for tapped fill conditions. Biodegradable pellets bear a good compaction for both loose and tapped fill methods. The mean macro-porosity of biodegradable pellets ranged between 1.19 and 54.48 % for loose fill condition and 0.29 to 53.35 % for tapped fill condition. Hausner ratio (HR) for biodegradable pellets varied from 1.026 to 1.328, indicating a good flowability of biodegradable pellets. Pearson’s correlation between engineering properties and functional properties of biodegradable pellets revealed that from engineering properties functional properties can be predicted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ainsworth P, Ibanoglu S, Plunkett A, Ibanoglu E, Stojceska V (2007) Effect of brewers spent grain addition and screw speed on the selected physical and nutritional properties of an extruded snack. J Food Eng 81(4):702–709

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1979) Classification of rocks and soils for engineering geological mapping. Part I: rock and soil materials. Bull Int Assoc Eng Geol 4(19):364–371

    Google Scholar 

  • AOAC (1995) Official methods of analysis. U.S.A Assoc of Official Anal Chem, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • ASABE S269.4 (2002) Cubes, pellets, and crumbles-definitions and methods for determining density, durability, and moisture content. Am Soc Agric Biol Eng St. Joseph US

  • Avella MD, Pace E, Immirzi B, Impallomeni G, Malinconico M, Santagata G (2007) Addition of glycerol plasticizer to seaweeds derived alginates: influence of microstructure on chemical–physical properties. Carbohydr Polym 69(3):503–511

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barletta BJ, Knight KM, Barbosa-Canovas GV (1993) Compaction characteristics of agglomerated coffee during tapping. J Texture Stud 24(3):253–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BSI (2010) EN 15210–15211:2009-solid biofuels-determination of mechanical durability of pellets and briquettes. BSI, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr E (1965) Evaluating flow properties of solids. Chem Eng 72(2):163–168

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho CWP, Takeiti CY, Onwulata CI, Pordesimo LO (2010) Relative effect of particle size on the physical properties of corn meal extrudates: effect of particle size on the extrusion of corn meal. J Food Eng 98(1):103–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaplin MF (2003) Fiber and water binding. Proc Nutr Soc 62:223–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charunuch C, Limsangouan N, Prasert W, Wongkrajang K (2014) Optimization of extrusion conditions for ready-to-eat breakfast cereal enhanced with defatted rice bran. Int Food Res J 21(2):713–722

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevanan N, Womac AR, Bitra VS (2008) Loose-Filled and Tapped Densities of Chopped Switchgrass, Corn Stover and Wheat Straw. ASABE Paper No. 084085. St. Joseph, MI

  • Christoph R, Schmidt B, Steinberner U, Dilla W (2000) Glycerol. Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley, Weinheim, p 2

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuq B, Gontard N, Guilbert S (1998) Proteins as agricultural polymers for packaging production. Cereal Chem 75(1):1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desrumaux A, Bouvier JM, Burri J (1998) Corn grits particle size and distribution effects on the characteristics of expanded extrudates. J Food Sci 63(5):857–863

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreese PC, Hoseney RC (1982) Baking properties of bran fractions from brewer’s spent grains. Cereal Chem 59(2):89–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans MR, Hensley DL (2004) Plant growth in plastic, peat, and processed poultry feather fiber growing containers. Hortic Sci 39(5):1012–1014

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans MR, Karcher D (2004) Properties of plastic, peat, and processed poultry feather fiber growing containers. Hortic Sci 39(5):1008–1011

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan J, Mitchell JR, Blanchard JMV (1996) The effect of sugars on the extrusion of maize grits: I. The role of the glass transition in determining product density and shape. Int J Food Sci Technol 31(1):55–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gamlath S, Ravindran G (2009) Extruded products with fenugreek (trigonella foenum-graecium) chickpea and rice: physical properties, sensory acceptability and glycaemic index. J Food Eng 90(1):44–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia RA, Flores RA, Mazenko CE (2007) Factors contributing to the poor bulk behavior of meat and bone meal and methods for improving these behaviours. Bioresour Technol 98(15):2852–2858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grey RO, Beddow JK (1969) On the Hausner ratio and its relationship to some properties of metal powders. Powder Technol 2(6):323–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamel S, Krumm W (2008) Near-wall porosity characteristics of fixed beds packed with wood chips. Powder Technol 188(1):55–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haridas RP, Hemamalini R (1991) Effect of incorporating wheat bran on rheological characteristics and bread making quality of flour. J Food Sci Technol 28(2):92–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes GD (1987) Food engineering data handbook. Longman Scientific and Technical, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Igathinathane C, Jaya ST, Sokhansanj S, Bi X, Lim CJ, Melin S, Mohammad E (2010) Simple and inexpensive method of wood pellets macro-porosity measurement. Bioresour Technol 101(16):6528–6537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keshi KJ, Huang Q (2009) Engineering Zein films with controlled surface morphology and hydrophilicity. J Agric Food Chem 57:2186–2192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalska E, Wielgosz Z, Pelka J (2002) Use of post-life waste and production waste in thermoplastic polymer compositions. Polym Polym Compos 10(1):83–91

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krochta JM (2002) Proteins as raw materials for films and coatings: definitions, current status, and opportunities. Protein-based films and coatings 1–41

  • Malinconico M, Immirzi B, Massenti S, Mantia LFP, Mormile P, Petti (2002) L Blends of polyvinylalcohol and functionalized polycaprolactone. A study of the melt extrusion and post-cure of films suitable for protected cultivation. J Mater Sci 37(23):4973–4978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manisha J, Srivastava T, Saxena DC (2012) Extrusion processing of deoiled rice bran in the development of biodegradable molded sheets. School J Agric Sci 2(8):163–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendonca S, Grossmann MVE, Verhe R (2000) Corn bran as a fiber source in expanded snacks. LWT Food Sci Technol 33(1):2–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty AK, Misra M, Hinrichsen (2000) Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: an overview. Macromol Mat Eng 276–277(1):1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nalladurai K, Morey VR (2009) Factors affecting strength and durability of densified biomass products. Biomass Bioenerg 33(3):337–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nehru C, Alvin R, Venkata W, Bitra SP, Igathinathane C, Yuechuan T, Petre MIY, Shahab S (2010) Bulk density and compaction behavior of knife mill chopped switchgrass, wheat straw, and corn stover. Bioresour Technol 101(1):207–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oladeji JT (2012) A comparative study of effects of some processing parameters on densification characteristics of briquettes produced from two species of corncob. Pac J Sci Technol 13(1):182–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Petukhov M, Cregut D, Soares CM, Serrano L (1999) Local water bridges and protein conformational stability. Protein Sci 8(10):1982–1989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Podzeck F (1998) Particle–particle adhesion in pharmaceutical powder handling. Imperial College Press, London, pp 95–114

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rabier F, Temmerman M, Bohm T, Hartmann H, Jensen PD, Rathbauer J, Carrasco J, Fernndez M (2006) Particle density determination of pellets and briquettes. Biomass Bioenergy 30(11):954–963

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schussele A, Bauer-Brandl A (2003) Note on the measurement of flowability according to the European pharmacopoeia. Int J Pharm 257(1–2):301–304

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sengar SH, Mohod AG, Khandetod YP (2012) Performance evaluation of kiln for cashew nut shell carbonization and liquid. Int J Energ Eng 2(3):78–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stojceska V, Ainsworth P, Plunkett A, Ibanoglu E, Ibanoglu S (2008) Cauliflower by-products as a new source of dietary fibre, antioxidants and proteins in cereal based ready to- eat expanded snacks. J Food Eng 87(4):554–563

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanya MR (2006) Water structure and interactions with protein surfaces. Curr Opin Struct Biol 16(2):152–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Q, Sakabe H, Isobe S (2003) Processing and properties of low cost corn gluten meal/wood fiber composite. Ind Eng Chem Res 42(26):6765–6773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wypych G (2012) Handbook of Plasticizers (2nd edition). William Andrew Publishing, Boston. SN 978-1-895198-50-8, 11, 307–419

  • Yamauchi M, Masuda S, Kihara M (2006) Recycled pots using sweet potato distillation lees. Res Conser Recycl 47(2):183–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamazaki WT (1953) An alkaline water retention capacity test for the evaluation of cooking baking potentialities of soft winter wheat flours. Cereal Chem 30(3):242–246

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanniotis S, Petraki A, Soumpasi E (2007) Effect of pectin and wheat fibers on quality attributes of extruded cornstarch. J Food Eng 80(2):594–599

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zayas JF (1997) Solubility of proteins. In Functionality of proteins in food (pp. 6–75). Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Download references

Acknowledgments

The first author is grateful to Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, Govt. of India for providing financial assistance in the form of Senior Research Fellowship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Longowal, 148 106, Punjab, India

    Kulsum Jan, C. S. Riar & D. C. Saxena

Authors
  1. Kulsum Jan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. S. Riar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. D. C. Saxena
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. C. Saxena.

Additional information

Highlights

1. As these pellets are actually extruded forms of biological materials like deoiled rice bran, paddy husk, potato peel and banana peel along with glycerol and Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) as plasticizer, microscopic pores and channels within them cannot be avoided which makes the pellets hygroscopic in nature which not only affects the volume but also influences its mass.

2. Determining the effect of fill volume and fill method (loose and tapped) on the macro-porosity, bulk density and specific weight of biodegradable pellets helps to understand the handling, storage and packaging of these pellets.

3. Correlation of engineering and Functional properties of the biodegradable pellets made from different formulations determines the functional characteristics of the biodegradable pellets viz., expansion volume, water solubility, product colour, flowability and compactness

4. Component analysis helps in the grouping of different samples.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jan, K., Riar, C.S. & Saxena, D.C. Engineering and functional properties of biodegradable pellets developed from various agro-industrial wastes using extrusion technology. J Food Sci Technol 52, 7625–7639 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1938-5

Download citation

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1938-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation