Abstract
In the geology of Pakistan, the Jurassic carbonate sequence is widely spread around the Upper Indus Basin periphery. Specifically, the indigenous Jurassic layers within the carbonate framework, known as the Samana Suk Formation, situated in the Kahi section Nizampur area, necessitate an extensive examination for future exploration. This investigation is prompted by the recent gas discovery in Jurassic carbonate rocks in the lower Indus Basin, indicating their potential as reservoirs. A thorough evaluation of these Jurassic carbonate units, specifically the Samana Suk Formation, within the Nizampur Basin of the Attock-Cherat ranges, involves a multifaceted approach encompassing observational aspects such as depositional history and diagenetic transformations. Field samples were collected from selected Dolomite beds, and a sedimentological analysis was performed on 20 samples. The current study of the Samana Suk Formation provides a detailed account of diagenetic alterations, delineating various variations in depositional environments represented as different facies: KS-1 Dolomitic Grainstone, KS-2 Bioclastic Wackstone-Mudstone, and KS-3 Bioclastic Peloidal Wackstone. The primary objective is to ascertain the paragenetic sequence of the carbonate succession concerning reservoir quality. The identified diagenetic processes encompass dolomitization, fluid circulation patterns, compaction, micritization, dissolution, and cementation. Notably, dolomitization significantly contributes to enhancing reservoir quality generally and about 50% of the whole world’s carbonate reservoirs are in dolomite. This study significantly enhances our capacity to comprehend the broader spectrum of depositional facies and diagenetic changes within the carbonate succession, thereby shedding light on their reservoir potential.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data used in this work is available upon request.
References
Ahmad S, Rehman ZU, Asif M (2018) Tectono-sedimentary evolution of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis, northern Pakistan. Arab J Geosci 11(14):364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3646-9
Ahmad I, Shah MM, Janjuhah HT, Antonarakou TA, A., Kontakiotis, G. (2022) Multiphase diagenetic processes and their impact on reservoir character of the late triassic rhaetian kingriali formation. Minerals. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12081049
Ahmed U, Ali SM, Khan AA (2019) Sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy and petrophysical evaluation of the upper jurassic samana suk formation in attock-cherat nizampur basin. Pak J Himal Earth Sci 52(1):23–42
Akhtar N 2017 Sedimentological and Petrophysical Studies of Khewra Sandstone, Missa Keswal oil Filed, Potwar Pakistan. M.Phil Thesis NCEG, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 139 p.
Ali S, Khan MA, Khan MS, Sardar A, Khan A, Khan A (2019) Structural analysis and hydrocarbon potential of Middle Indus Basin. Pakistan Geo J 54(2):1274–1289. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3180
Ali SK, Janjuhah HT, Shahzad SM, Kontakiotis G, Saleem MH, Khan U, Zarkogiannis SD, Makri P, Antonarakou A (2021) Depositional sedimentary facies, stratigraphic control, paleoecological constraints, and paleogeographic reconstruction of late permian chhidru formation (western salt range, Pakistan). J Mar Sci Eng 9:1372. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121372
Arif M, Khan MA, Ali S, Khan S (2018) Structural analysis and petroleum prospectivity of the upper Indus Basin. Pak Arab J Geosci 11(10):226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3555-x
Awais M, Akhtar N, Ishaq M (2012) Geological mapping and structural analysis of a part of kala-chitta range, Kahi village, Nizampur Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pak J Hydrocarb Res 22:13–23
Baccelle L, Bosellini A (1965) Diagrammi per la rentovisiva della composizione percentuale nelle rentotaryntarie. Annali Della Università Di Ferrara, Sezione IX, Science Geologiche e Paleontologiche 1:59–62
Baig MS, Khan MA, Rehman AU, Khan IA, Khan MS, Asif M (2019) Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the northern Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt, northern Pakistan. Geosci J 23(4):637–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-018-0079-3
Basharat M, Asghar S, Khan AA (2018) Exploration potential of the jurassic reservoirs in central and southern indus basin, pakistan: an overview. J Pet Geol 41(3):283–308
Bathurst RGC (1975) Carbonate Sediments and TheirDiagenesis, 2d ed. Developments in Sedimentology 12, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 658p.
Bathurst RGC (1972) Carbonate Sediments and Their Diagenesis: Development in Sedimentology 12. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, p 657p
Bathurst RGC (1966) Boring algae, micrite envelopes and lithification of molluscan biosparites. Geol J 5:15–32
Buxton TM, Duncan FS (1981) Pressure solution features in shallow buried limestone. J Sediment Petrol 51:19–26
Berner RA (1984) Sedimentary pyrite formation: an update. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48(4):605–615
Bilal A, Yang R, Mughal MS, Janjuhah HT, Zaheer M, Kontakiotis G (2022) Sedimentology and diagenesis of the early-middle eocene carbonate deposits of the ceno-tethys ocean. J Mar Sci Eng 10:1794. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111794
Bilal A, Yang R, Janjuhah HT, Mughal MS, Li Y, Kontakiotis G, Lenhardt N (2023) Microfacies analysis of the Palaeocene Lockhart limestone on the eastern margin of the Upper Indus Basin (Pakistan): Implications for the depositional environment and reservoir characteristics. Depositional Rec 9:152–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/dep2.222
Calkins JA, Offield TW, Abdullah SKM, Tayyab Ali S (1975) Geology of the southern Himalaya in Hazara, Pakistan, and adjacent areas. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 716:29
Compton, R, Compton R (1985) Geology in the Field. Geology in the Field. Wiley International editions, 398p.
Dunham, R. J. (1962). Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In W. E. Ham (Ed.), Classification of carbonate rocks (pp. 108–121). AAPG Memoir 1.
Halley RB, Scholle PA (1985) Radiaxial fibrous calcite as early-burial, open-system cement: Isotopic evidence from Permian of China. AAPG Bull 69:261–262
Halland MD, Riaz M (1988) Stratigraphy and structure of southern Ghandghar Range, Pakistan. Geol Bull Univ Peshawar 21:1–14
Hashmi SI, Jan IU, Khan S, Ali N (2018) Depositional, diagenetic and sequence stratigraphic controls on the reservoir potential of the Cretaceous Chichali and Lumshiwal formations, Nizampur Basin. Pak J Himal Earth Sci 51(2A):44–65
Hill CA (2007) Carbonate Dissolution. In: White WB, Culver DC (eds) Encyclopedia of Caves. Academic Press, Amsterdam
Hussain A (1984) Regional geological map of nizampur covering parts of peshawar mardan and attock districts. Geo Surv Pak Map Series 142(1):50
Hussain S, Khan MA, Ali S, Khan A, Rehman AU (2020) Tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon prospects of the Kirthar Fold Belt. Pak J Himal Earth Sci 53(1):22–41
Hylland MD, Riaz M (1988) Stratigraphy and structure of the southern Gandghar range, Pakistan. Geol Bull Univ Peshawar l:15–24.
Janjuhah HT, Alansari A, Santha PR (2018) interrelationship between facies association, diagenetic alteration and reservoir properties evolution in the middle miocene carbonate build up, Central Luconia, Offshore Sarawak. Malays Arab J Sci Eng 44:341–356
Janjuhah HT, Kontakiotis G, Wahid A, Khan DM, Zarkogiannis SD, Antonarakou A (2021) Integrated porosity classification and quantification scheme for enhanced carbonate reservoir quality: implications from the miocene Malaysian carbonates. J Mar Sci Eng 9:1410. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121410
Jones GD, Smart PL, Whitaker FF, Rostron BJ, Machel HG (2003) Numerical modeling of reflux dolomitization in the Grosmont platform complex (Upper Devonian), Western Canada sedimentary basin. AAPG Bull 87:1273–1298
Kazmi AH, Rana RA (1982) Tectonic map of Pakistan at a scale of 1:200,000. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta
Kazmi AH, Jan MQ (1997) Geology and Tectonics of Pakistan. Graphic Publishers, Karachi, Pakistan, p 554p
Khan MA, Baig MS, Rehman AU, Ali S, Khan IA (2017) Tectonic evolution and petroleum potential of the northern Kirthar Fold Belt. Pak J Himal Earth Sci 50(2):64–77
Kobluk DR, Risk MJ (1977) Micritization and carbonate-grain binding by endolithic algae. AAPG Bull 61:1069–1082
Kontakiotis G, Moforis L, Karakitsios V, Antonarakou A (2020) Sedimentary facies analysis, reservoir characteristics and paleogeography significance of the early jurassic to eocene carbonates in epirus (Ionian zone, Western Greece). J Mar Sci Eng 8:706. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090706
Lucia FJ (1995) Rock-fabric/petrophysical classification of carbonate pore space for reservoir characterization. AAPG Bull 79(9):1275–1300
Mehdi M, Iqbal S, Raza SA (2020) Geochemistry and petrophysical properties of the lower jurassic carbonate rocks, samana suk formation, attock-cherat range. Pak J Himal Earth Sci 53(2):17–36
Memon FH, Tunio AH, Memon KR, Mahesar AA, Abbas G (2023) Unveiling the diagenetic and mineralogical impact on the carbonate formation of the Indus basin, Pakistan: implications for reservoir characterization and quality assessment. Minerals 13(12):1474
Moforis L, Kontakiotis G, Janjuhah HT, Zambetakis-Lekkas A, Galanakis D, Paschos P, Kanellopoulos C, Sboras S, Besiou E, Karakitsios V (2022) Sedimentary and diagenetic controls across the cretaceous—paleogene transition: new paleoenvironmental insights of the external ionian zone from the pelagic carbonates of the gardiki section (Epirus, Western Greece). J Mar Sci Eng 10:1948. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121948
Moore CH (2001) Diagenetic environments of porosity modification and tools for their recognition in the geologic record. carbonate reserv porosity evol. diagenesis a seq. Stratigr Framew Dev Sedimentol 55:61–88
Qamar S, Shah MM, Janjuhah HM, Kontakiotis G, Shahzad A, Besiou E (2023) Sedimentological, diagenetic, and sequence stratigraphic controls on the shallow to marginal marine carbonates of the middle jurassic samana suk formation. North Pak J Mar Sci Eng 11:1230. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061230
Rahim HU, Qamar S, Shah MM, Corbella M, Martín-Martín JD, Janjuhah HT, Navarro-Ciurana D, Lianou V, Kontakiotis G (2022) Processes associated with multiphase dolomitization and other related diagenetic events in the jurassic samana suk formation, himalayan foreland basin. NW Pak Min 12:1320. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12101320
Rehman SU, Munawar MJ, Shah MM, Ahsan N, Kashif M, Janjuhah HT, Lianou V, Kontakiotis G (2023) Diagenetic evolution of upper cretaceous kawagarh carbonates from attock hazara fold and thrust belt. Pak Min 13:1438. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13111438
Salah MK, Janjuhah H, Sanjuan J, Maalouf E (2023) Impact of diagenesis and pore aspects on the petrophysical and elastic properties of carbonate rocks from southern Lebanon. Bull Eng Geol Environ 82:67
Shah SMI (2009) Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geo Surv Pak Memoir 22:381p
Siddiqui R, Khan MA, Ali S, Rehman AU (2019) Structural analysis and hydrocarbon potential of Sulaiman Fold Belt. Pak Geosci J 23(4):531–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-018-0070-z
Taghavi AA, Mørk A, Emadi MA (2006) Sequence stratigraphically controlled diagenesis governs reservoir quality in the carbonate Dehluran Field, southwest Iran. Pet Geosci 12:115–126
Tariq W, Rehman G, Gardezi SAH, Ikram N (2023) Impact of fractures and diagenesis on reservoir potential of inner ramp paleocene carbonates exposed in western part of the lesser himalayas of Pakistan. J Earth Sci 34(2):536–555
Treloar PJ (1989) Imbrication and unroofing of the Himalayan thrust stack of the north Indian plate, north Pakistan. Geol Bull Univ Peshawar 22:25–44
Tucker ME, Wright VP (1990) Carbonate sedimentology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Wadood B, Awais M, Bilal M, Ishaq M, Ahmad L, Zafar Z (2019) Reservoir characterization and modelling with diagenetic trends of carbonates of the Kawagarh formation: a section exposed in the Kala-Chitta range. Pak Int J Econ Environ Geol 10(2):105–111
Warren J (2000) Dolomite: Occurrence, evolution and economically important associations. Earth-Sci Rev 52:1–81
Wu G, Xie E, Zhang Y, Qing H, Luo X, Sun C (2019) Structural diagenesis in carbonate rocks as identified in fault damage zones in the northern tarim basin. NW China Minerals 9(6):360
Yaseen M, Shahab M, Ahmad Z, Khan R, Shah SFA, Naseem AA (2021a) Insights into the structure and surface geology of balanced and retrodeformed geological cross sections from the Nizampur basin. J Pet Explor Prod. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01180-8
Yaseen M, Wahid S, Ahmad S, Rehman G, Ahmad J, Anjum MN, Mehmood M (2021b) Tectonic evolution, prospectivity and structural studies of the hanging wall of Main Boundary thrust along akhurwal-kohat transect, khyber pakhtunkhwa: implications for future exploration. Arab J Geosci 14(4):1–17
Yeats RS, Hussain A (1987) Timing of structural events in the Himalayan foothills of northwestern Pakistan. Geol Soc Am Bull 99(2):161–176
Acknowledgements
The authors express sincere gratitude to the Head of Center for Earth & Space Sciences at the University of Swat for generously supporting this project. Special thanks are extended to the BS students at the Center of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Swat, for their invaluable assistance during the fieldwork.
Funding
This research has received no external funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
M.I.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing—Original draft preparation, Writing—Review and editing; M.I., S.K., M.U.R., I.I., G.K., H.T.J.,: Conceptualization, Writ-ing—Review and editing; M.I., I.I., G.K., H.T.J., M.U.R., A.A: Investigation, Writing—Original draft preparation, Writ-ing—editing, Data curation; S.K., M.I.: Writing—Review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests
The author declares no competing interests.
Ethical Approval and contest to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ibrar, M., Khan, S., Rashid, M.U. et al. Integrated sedimentary and diagenetic constraints for delineating the reservoir potential of Jurassic carbonate sequences in the autochthonous Samana Suk Formation, Attock-Cherat Nizampur Area, Pakistan. Carbonates Evaporites 39, 51 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-024-00963-4
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-024-00963-4