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Fundamental Aspects of Dissolution of Lime into Steelmaking Slags

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Abstract

A fundamental analysis is presented to describe the dissolution behavior of lime (CaO) in FeO-containing slags. FeO present in steelmaking slag is seen to penetrate preferentially into the lime particle and form a (CaO–FeO) layer around it, thereby a pathway for outward diffusion of CaO into the slag and subsequent formation of dicalcium silicate. In the present work, the lime dissolution behavior is described in terms of the chemical potential gradient of CaO between the lime particle and slag. The chemical potential gradient is more fundamental for calculating fluxes in concentrated melts in which the activities are far from ideal, which has been ignored by previous researchers. The model developed in the present work is used to compare the mass transfer coefficients for a variety of experimental conditions. In addition, other factors affecting the dissolution are lime particle morphology, activity of silica in slag, slag viscosity, temperature and turbulence in slag.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India

    Ameya Kadrolkar

  2. Tata Steel, Ijmuiden, The Netherlands

    Aart Overbosch & Pieter Koopmans

  3. School of Minerals, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul Campus, Jatni, Odisha, 752050, India

    Brahma Deo

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Correspondence to Ameya Kadrolkar.

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Appendix

Appendix

A. Sample Calculation of Mass Transfer Coefficient for the Case of Martinsson et al.’s [7] Slag B

  1. (i)

    Solution of mass flux equation

The unknown in Eq. (1) is \({X}_{\rm D}\) i.e. the interfacial mole fraction of CaO at the (CaO⋅FeO) layer and the bulk slag interface. On substituting Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (1), we get the following equation,

$$\frac{{k}_{1}{A}_{1}{\rho }_{\rm{layer}}\left({X}_{\rm A}-{X}_{\rm B}\right)}{{M}_{\rm{layer}}}{\left(1+\frac{\partial \ln{\gamma }_{\rm{CaO}}}{\partial \ln{X}_{\rm{CaO}}}\right)}_{\rm{(CaO-FeO)}_{\rm layer}}=\frac{{k}_{2}{A}_{p}{\rho }_{\rm{slag}}\left({X}_{\rm D}-{X}_{\rm E}\right)}{{M}_{\rm{slag}}}{\left(1+\frac{\partial \ln{\gamma }_{\rm{CaO}}}{\partial \ln{X}_{\rm{CaO}}}\right)}_{\rm{liquid-slag}}$$
(A.1)

For the solution: a particular value of \({k}_{2}\) and \(L=\frac{{k}_{1}{A}_{1}}{{k}_{2}{A}_{p}}\) is selected and taking \({k}_{2}\) = 6.5e−6 m/s, \(L\) = 1.6 and substituting the above-calculated values into Eq. (A.1), and the values of molecular weight \(M\) and density \(\rho\) of (CaO⋅FeO) layer and the bulk slag, the value of interfacial value \({X}_{\rm D}\) for the first step, is found to be 0.69.

The moles of CaO dissolved at a given time step, \({J}_{\rm{dissolved}}\) can then be calculated as, from

$${J}_{\rm DE}={J}_{\rm{dissolved}}=\frac{{k}_{2}{A}_{p}{\rho }_{\rm{slag}}\left({X}_{\rm D}-{X}_{\rm E}\right)}{{M}_{\rm{slag}}}{\left(1+\frac{\partial \ln{\gamma }_{\rm{CaO}}}{\partial \ln{X}_{\rm{CaO}}}\right)}_{\rm{liquid-slag}} ={J}_{{C}_{2}S}+{J}_{\rm{CaO-(liquid-slag)}}$$
(A.2)

The dissolved CaO is distributed between disilicate (\(\text{C}_{2}\text{S}\)) and liquid slag and is found by evaluating the ratio, \(\frac{{J}_{\text{C}_{2}\text{S}}}{{J}_{\rm{{CaO-(liquid-slag)}}}}=\frac{BC}{AC}\) as described earlier.

The weight of the liquid slag, \({W}_{\rm{liq-slag}}\) at time ‘t’ is updated based on the relative distribution of CaO between disilicate (\({\rm C}_{2}{\rm{S}}\)) and liquid slag.

$${\left({W}_{\rm{liq-slag}}\right)}_{t}={\left({W}_{\rm{liq-slag}}\right)}_{t-1}+{\left(\frac{{{J}_{\rm{CaO-(liquid-slag)}}*M}_{\rm{CaO}}}{1000}\right)}_{t-1}-{\left(\frac{{J}_{{\rm{C}}_{2}\rm{S}}*{M}_{\rm{Si{O}}_{2}}}{1000}\right)}_{t-1},\left(\rm{kg}\right)$$
(A.3)

From the new mass of liquid slag, the new composition of slag is evaluated.

The new mass % of lime particle can be calculated by subtracting the molar flux of CaO (\({J}_{\rm DE}\).

$${\left({W}_{\rm{lime-particle}}\right)}_{t}={\left({W}_{\rm{lime-particle}}\right)}_{t-1}-{\left(\frac{{{J}_{\rm DE}*M}_{\rm{CaO}}}{1000}\right)}_{t-1}$$
(A.4)

From the new mass of slag, the new dimensions are evaluated (here it is assumed that the shape of particle remains constant through the duration of experiment, which actually may not be true). The calculations are repeated by considering new mass of lime particle and slag and new composition of slag.

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Kadrolkar, A., Overbosch, A., Koopmans, P. et al. Fundamental Aspects of Dissolution of Lime into Steelmaking Slags. Trans Indian Inst Met (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-024-03322-y

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