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Assessment of groundwater quality, source identification, and health risk around oil and gas drilling sites

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Abstract

The production of oil and natural gas has recently played a significant role in boosting the economy. In this process, the discharge of industrial waste through activities like exploration and extraction operations cause elevated levels of dissolved chemicals, which severely degrade water sources and render them unsafe for human consumption. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the distribution of nineteen physicochemical parameters including heavy metals (pH, EC, TDS, TH, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, F−, SO42−, NO3− and HCO3−) in groundwater samples collected around oil and natural gas drilling sites and assess the knowledge gap for a sustainable and safe environment. Groundwater quality was assessed using various hydrogeochemical parameters and pollution indices such as the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cdeg) with principal component (PCA) and regression coefficient analysis to identify the collective contamination source. The potential ecological risk indices (PERI) and health risk assessments were made using exposure factors references from USEPA’s database. The major findings indicated the Piper diagram is predominantly characterised by the Ca–Cl type whereas, Gibb’s plot showed evaporation and rock–water interaction influencing groundwater chemistry. Water quality index (WQI) results indicated 2% of samples were excellent, 22% were good, 20% were poor, 8% were extremely poor, and 48% were unsuitable for drinking. The pollution index of groundwater (PIG) showed that 50% of samples from the study area were unsafe to drink. The human health risk assessment revealed significant noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic effects to both adults and children. The study area's geology indicates that the presence of elements in groundwater is primarily due to drilling activities, as no geological formations show high concentrations. The implications of this study highlighted the current status of groundwater quality by identifying the main pollutants arising due to drilling extraction methods and developing a strategy aimed at mitigating both point and non-point sources of contamination.

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Acknowledgements

The anonymous reviewers are profusely thanked for their intellectual comments and constructive suggestions that significantly improved the scientific quality of the manuscript. The authors are thankful to Dr. Prakash Kumar, Director, CSIR-NGRI for his permission to publish this paper. This work was supported by UGC-JRF fellowship and the MLP-7015-28 (MRM) project funds were utilized to conduct fieldwork. Our sincere thanks are also to Dr’s D. Srinivasa Sarma, M. Ram Mohan for their continuous support/encouragement and Dr. M. Satyanarayanan for the analytical support. Thanks are also due to Mr. Kishor and Dr. Sravya for their support in sample preparation. This study forms a part of DBM’s doctoral thesis. This is CSIR-NGRI contribution Ref. No. NGRI/Lib/2023/Pub-51.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Habsiguda, Hyderabad, 500007, India

    Babu Mallesh Dasari, Keshav Krishna Aradhi, Dasaram Banothu & Rama Mohan Kurakalva

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Babu Mallesh Dasari, Keshav Krishna Aradhi & Rama Mohan Kurakalva

Authors
  1. Babu Mallesh Dasari
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  2. Keshav Krishna Aradhi
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  3. Dasaram Banothu
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  4. Rama Mohan Kurakalva
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Contributions

D. Babu Mallesh: sample collection, preparation and data interpretation. A. Keshav Krishna: sample analysis, data interpretation and overall monitoring and assisted in drafting and revising the manuscript. B. Dasaram: sample preparation protocols. K. Rama Mohan: sample analytical data generation protocols and instrumentation.

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Correspondence to Keshav Krishna Aradhi.

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Dasari, B.M., Aradhi, K.K., Banothu, D. et al. Assessment of groundwater quality, source identification, and health risk around oil and gas drilling sites. Environ Earth Sci 83, 312 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11576-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11576-4

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