Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Major and trace elements’ concentration in recent clastic sediments from part of the eastern coast of India: an assessment of metal pollution

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Environmental Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution is one of the serious problems resulting from the rapid increase in human activities that can accumulate to reach critical levels threatening food sources for humans and other living organisms. Therefore, the concentrations of major and trace elements in recent clastic sediments from the coastal area between the Sarada River mouth and the Gosthani River mouth, east coast of India were analyzed using XRF and ICP-MS techniques to identify the natural and anthropogenic sources of these elements. The results showed that silicate concentrations range between 53.25 wt.% and 82.36 wt.%, where the concentrations decrease from south to north along the beach; whereas the concentrations of iron, aluminium, and titanium increase in the same direction, consistent with the increase in concentrations of heavy minerals. The depletion/enrichment values showed that Ti, Fe, and Mn were enriched in the sediments from the study area in comparison to other major elements. The elevated values of contamination factor of the toxic trace elements are closely related to human activities in the surrounding areas, where the high concentrations of toxic elements, such as cadmium (CF = 173.2), zinc (74.36), lead (32.05), copper (26.44), and cobalt (25.75), have been observed in the area near Visakhapatnam port which are associated with port operations, industrial waste, and sewage. The factorial analysis method partly succeeded in linking the trace elements of the same source, as it was possible to identify elements of natural origin from those of anthropogenic sources and track their sources.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Aiuppa A, Allard P, D’Alessandro W, Michel A, Parello F, Treuil M, Valenza M (2000) Mobility and fluxes of major, minor and trace metals during basalt weathering and groundwater transport at Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily). Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64(11):1827–1841

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Musharafi SK, Mahmoud IY, Al-Bahry SN (2013) Heavy metal pollution from treated sewage effluent. APCBEE Proc 5:344–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong-Altrin JS, Lee YI, Verma SP, Ramasamy S (2004) Geochemistry of sandstones from the Upper Miocene Kudankulam Formation, southern India: implications for provenance, weathering, and tectonic setting. J Sediment Res 74(2):285–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong-Altrin JS, Machain-Castillo ML (2016) Mineralogy, geochemistry, and radiocarbon ages of deep sea sediments from the Gulf of Mexico, Mexico. J S Am Earth Sci 71:182–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balaram V (1991) Determination of rare earth elements in geological samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrophotometry. J Indian Chem Soc 65:600–603

    Google Scholar 

  • Balaram V (1995) Developments and trends in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and its influence on the recent advances in trace element analysis. Curr Sci 69(8):640–649

    Google Scholar 

  • Balaram V, Ramesh SL, Anjaiah KV (1996) New trace element and REE data in thirteen GSF reference samples by ICP-MS. Geostand Newsl 20(1):71–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bantan RA, Ghandour IM, Al-Zubieri AG (2020) Mineralogical and geochemical composition of the subsurface sediments at the mouth of Wadi Al-Hamd, Red Sea coast, Saudi Arabia: implication for provenance and climate. Environ Earth Sci 79(2):57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borges J, Huh Y (2007) Petrography and chemistry of the bed sediments of the Red River in China and Vietnam: provenance and chemical weathering. Sed Geol 194(3–4):155–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briant N, Bancon-Montigny C, Elbaz-Poulichet F, Freydier R, Delpoux S, Cossa D (2013) Trace elements in the sediments of a large Mediterranean marina (Port Camargue, France): levels and contamination history. Mar Pollut Bull 73(1):78–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briffa J, Sinagra E, Blundell R (2020) Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon 6(9):e04691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brumsack HJ (2006) The trace metal content of recent organic carbon-rich sediments: implications for Cretaceous black shale formation. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 232(2–4):344–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth M, Service M (2000) An assessment of metal contamination in Northern Irish coastal sediments. In: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Biology and environment. Royal Irish Academy. pp. 1–12

  • Cicchella D, De Vivo B, Lima A (2005) Background and baseline concentration values of elements harmful to human health in the volcanic soils of the metropolitan and provincial areas of Napoli (Italy). Geochem Explor Environ Anal 5(1):29–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchella D, De Vivo B, Lima A, Albanese S, Fedele L (2008) Urban geochemical mapping in the Campania region (Italy). Geochem Explor Environ Anal 8(1):19–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark A, Turner T, Dorothy KP, Goutham J, Kalavati C, Rajanna B (2003) Health hazards due to pollution of waters along the coast of Visakhapatnam, east coast of India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 56(3):390–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daskalakis KD, O’Connor TP (1995) Normalization and elemental sediment contamination in the coastal United States. Environ Sci Technol 29(2):470–477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Miguel E, Llamas JF, Chacón E, Berg T, Larssen S, Røyset O, Vadset M (1997) Origin and patterns of distribution of trace elements in street dust: unleaded petrol and urban lead. Atmos Environ 31(17):2733–2740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ding X, Tian J, Chen J, Yao J, Deng X, Li Y (2015) Paleogeographic framework and provenance features during late Triassic Chang 9 time of the Yanchang formation, Ordos basin China. Arab J Geosci 8(9):6731–6743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doabi SA, Karami M, Afyuni M (2019) Heavy metal pollution assessment in agricultural soils of Kermanshah province, Iran. Environ Earth Sci 78(3):70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan X, Liu G, Sun R, Sun M (2015) Geochemical characteristics of argillaceous rocks in Permian coal-bearing strata in Huainan and their geological implications. Earth Sci Front 22(4):299–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenger J (2009) Air pollution in the last 50 years—from local to global. Atmos Environ 43(1):13–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Förstner U, Wittmann GT (2012) Metal pollution in the aquatic environment. Springer Science & Business Media, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganugapenta S, Nadimikeri J, Chinnapolla SRRB, Ballari L, Madiga R, Nirmala K, Tella LP (2018) Assessment of heavy metal pollution from the sediment of Tupilipalem Coast, southeast coast of India. Int J Sedim Res 33(3):294–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao S, Luo TC, Zhang BR, Zhang HF, Han YW, Zhao ZD, Hu YK (1998) Chemical composition of the continental crust as revealed by studies in East China. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62(11):1959–1975

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goddu SR, Appel E, Jordanova D, Wehland F (2004) Magnetic properties of road dust from Visakhapatnam (India)-relationship to industrial pollution and road traffic. Phys Chem Earth Parts A/B/C 29(13–14):985–995

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg K, Humayun M (2010) The applicability of the Chemical Index of Alteration as a paleoclimatic indicator: an example from the Permian of the Paraná Basin, Brazil. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 293(1–2):175–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimalt JO, Elbaz-Poulichet F, Lipiatou E (2001) Still worrying with trace chemical pollution. Mar Pollut Bull 42:621–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gromet LP, Haskin LA, Korotev RL, Dymek RF (1984) The “North American shale composite”: its compilation, major and trace element characteristics. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48(12):2469–2482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hakanson L (1980) An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res 14(8):975–1001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamois L (1988) The CIW index: a new chemical index of weathering. Sed Geol 55:319–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han FX, Banin A, Su Y, Monts DL, Plodinec JM, Kingery WL, Triplett GE (2002) Industrial age anthropogenic inputs of heavy metals into the pedosphere. Naturwissenschaften 89(11):497–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han FX, Kingery WL, Selim HM (2001) Accumulation, redistribution, transport and bioavailability of heavy metals in waste-amended soils. In: Trace elements in soil: bioavailability, flux and transfer. pp. 141–168

  • Hani A, Pazira E (2011) Heavy metals assessment and identification of their sources in agricultural soils of Southern Tehran, Iran. Environ Monit Assess 176(1–4):677–691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ho HH, Swennen R, Cappuyns V, Vassilieva E, Van Tran T (2012) Necessity of normalization to aluminum to assess the contamination by heavy metals and arsenic in sediments near Haiphong Harbor, Vietnam. J Asian Earth Sci 56:229–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN (2014) Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol 7(2):60–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones DE, Turner A (2010) Bioaccessibility and mobilisation of copper and zinc in estuarine sediment contaminated by antifouling paint particles. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 87(3):399–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kar R (2017) On the Khondalites of Eastern Ghats granulite Belt, India. Indian J Geol 87:5–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelepertzis E (2014) Accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Mediterranean: insights from Argolida basin, Peloponnese, Greece. Geoderma 221:82–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krzanowski WJ (1988) Principles of multivariate analysis. Clarendon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar AV, Patil RS, Nambi KSV (2001) Source apportionment of suspended particulate matter at two traffic junctions in Mumbai, India. Atmos Environ 35:4245–4251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Feng L (2012) Multivariate and geostatistical analyzes of metals in urban soil of Weinan industrial areas, Northwest of China. Atmos Environ 47:58–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li Z, Ma Z, van der Kuijp TJ, Yuan Z, Huang L (2014) A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: pollution and health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 468:843–853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu D, Lin B, Kandasamy S, Wang H, Liu Q, Zou W et al (2019) Geochemical appraisal of chemical weathering and metal contamination in coastal surface sediments, off northwest Hainan Island, the Gulf of Tonkin. Front Mar Sci 6:363–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu E, Zhang E, Li K, Nath B, Li Y, Shen J (2013) Historical reconstruction of atmospheric lead pollution in central Yunnan province, southwest China: an analysis based on lacustrine sedimentary records. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20(12):8739–8750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu ZF, Wang H, Hantoro WS, Sathiamurthy E, Colin C, Zhao YL (2012) Climatic and tectonic controls on chemical weathering in tropical Southeast Asia (Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra). Chem Geol 291:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loring DH, Rantala RTT (1992) Manual for the geochemical analyses of marine sediments and suspended particulate matter. Earth Sci Rev 32:235–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loska K, Wiechula D, Barska B, Cebula E, Chojnecka A (2003) Assessment of Arsenic enrichment of cultivated soils in Southern Poland. Pol J Environ Stud 2:187–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Loska K, Wiechula D, Korus I (2004) Metal contamination of farming soil affected by industry. Environ Int 30(2):159–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez J, Llamas JF, De Miguel E, Rey J, Hidalgo MC (2008) Soil contamination from urban and industrial activity: example of the mining district of Linares (southern Spain). Environ Geol 54(4):669–677

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marx SK, Kamber BS (2010) Trace-element systematics of sediments in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia: sediment provenance and palaeoclimate implications of fine scale chemical heterogeneity. Appl Geochem 25(8):1221–1237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLennan SM (1993) Weathering and global denudation. J Geol 101(2):295–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohmand J, Eqani SAMAS, Fasola M, Alamdar A, Mustafa I, Ali N et al (2015) Human exposure to toxic metals via contaminated dust: bio-accumulation trends and their potential risk estimation. Chemosphere 132:142–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montagne D, Cornu S, Bourennane H, Baize D, Ratié C, King D (2007) Effect of agricultural practices on trace-element distribution in soil. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 38(3–4):473–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morais S, Costa FG, Pereira MDL (2012) Heavy metals and human health. In: Environmental health—emerging issues and practice. vol. 10, pp. 227–246

  • Mortazavi M, Moussavi-Harami R, Mahboubi A, Nadjafi M (2014) Geochemistry of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous shales (Shurijeh Formation) in the intracontinental Kopet-Dagh Basin, northeastern Iran: implication for provenance, source weathering, and paleoenvironments. Arab J Geosci 7(12):5353–5366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller G (1969) Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. GeoJournal 2:108–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller G (1981) The heavy metal pollution of the sediments of Neckars and its tributary: a stocktaking. Chem Ztg 105:157–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Naser HA (2013) Assessment and management of heavy metal pollution in the marine environment of the Arabian Gulf: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 72(1):6–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nath BN, Rao VP, Becker KP (1989) Geochemical evidence of terrigenous influence in deep-sea sediments up to 8°S in the Central Indian Basin. Mar Geol 87:301–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nesbitt H, Young GM (1982) Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature 299(5885):715–717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nriagu JO (1996) A history of global metal pollution. Science 272(5259):223–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nriagu JO, Pacyna JM (1988) Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature 333:134–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patino LC, Velbel MA, Price JR, Wade JA (2003) Trace element mobility during spheroidal weathering of basalts and andesites in Hawaii and Guatemala. Chem Geol 202(3–4):343–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price JR, Velbel MA (2003) Chemical weathering indices applied to weathering profiles developed on heterogeneous felsic metamorphic parent rocks. Chem Geol 202(3–4):397–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qishlaqi A, Moore F (2007) Statistical analysis of accumulation and sources of heavy metals occurrence in agricultural soils of Khoshk River Banks, Shiraz, Iran. Am Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 2(5):565–573

    Google Scholar 

  • Raj SM, Jayaprakash M (2008) Distribution and enrichment of trace metals in marine sediments of Bay of Bengal, off Ennore, south-east coast of India. Environ Geol 56(1):207–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raman AV (1995) Pollution effects in Visakhapatnam harbour, India: an overview of 23 years of investigations and monitoring. Helgoländer Meeresunters 49(1–4):633–645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roddaz M, Viers J, Brusset S, Baby P, Boucayrand C, Hérail G (2006) Controls on weathering and provenance in the Amazonian foreland basin: insights from major and trace element geochemistry of Neogene Amazonian sediments. Chem Geol 226(1–2):31–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubio B, Nombela MA, Vilas F (2000) Geochemistry of major and trace elements in sediments of the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain): an assessment of metal pollution. Mar Pollut Bull 11:968–980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz F (2001) Trace metals in estuarine sediments from the south western Spanish coast. Mar Pollut Bull 42:482–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakan SM, Đorđević DS, Trifunović SS (2011) Geochemical and statistical methods in the evaluation of trace elements contamination: an application on canal sediments. Pol J Environ Stud 20(1):187–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarma VV, Raju GRK, Babu TB (1982) Pollution characteristics and water quality in the Visakhapatnam harbour. Mahasagar 15(1):15–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Satyanarayana D, Panigrahy PK, Sahu SD (1994) Metal pollution in harbor and coastal sediments of Visakhapatnam, east coast of India. Indian J Mar Sci 23(52):54

    Google Scholar 

  • Satyanarayana D, Prasada reddy BR, Swamy ASR, Krishna Rao G (1985) Chemical oceanography of harbour and coastal environment of Visakhapatnam (Bay of Bengal): part—II-nature & composition of sediments. Indian J Mar Sci 14:147–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Selvaraj K, Chen CTA (2006) Moderate chemical weathering of subtropical Taiwan: constraints from solid-phase geochemistry of sediments and sedimentary rocks. J Geol 114:101–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A, Sensarma S, Kumar K, Khanna PP, Saini NK (2013) Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Mahi River sediments in tectonically active western India: implications for Deccan large igneous province source, weathering and mobility of elements in a semi-arid climate. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 104:63–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen F, Mao L, Sun R, Du J, Tan Z, Ding M (2019) Contamination evaluation and source identification of heavy metals in the sediments from the Lishui River Watershed, southern China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(3):336–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strzyszcz Z, Magiera T, Heller F (1996) The influence of industrial immissions on the magnetic susceptibility of soils in Upper Silesia. Stud Geophys Geod 40(3):276–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suttner LJ, Dutta PK (1986) Alluvial sandstone composition and paleoclimate; I, framework mineralogy. J Sediment Res 56(3):329–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1985) The continental crust: its composition and evolution. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Turekian KK, Wedepohl KH (1961) Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol Soc Am Bull 72(2):175–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tytła M (2019) Assessment of heavy metal pollution and potential ecological risk in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant located in the most industrialized region in Poland—case study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(13):2430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vareda JP, Valente AJ, Durães L (2019) Assessment of heavy metal pollution from anthropogenic activities and remediation strategies: a review. J Environ Manage 246:101–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venkatachalapathy R, Rajeswari V, Basavaiah N, Balasubramanian T (2014) Environmental magnetic studies on surface sediments: a proxy for metal and hydrocarbon contamination. Int J Environ Sci Technol 11(7):2061–2074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang SL, Xu XR, Sun YX, Liu JL, Li HB (2013) Heavy metal pollution in coastal areas of South China: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 76(1–2):7–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang XS, Qin Y, Sang SX (2005) Accumulation and sources of heavy metals in urban topsoils: a case study from the city of Xuzhou. China Environ Geol 48(1):101–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wedepohl KH (1995) The composition of the continental crust. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59(7):1217–1232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei GJ, Liu Y, Li XH, Liang XR, Shao L (2003) Excess Al in the sediments from South China Sea. Bull Mineral Petrol Geochem 22(1):23–25 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang Q, Li Z, Lu X, Duan Q, Huang L, Bi J (2018) A review of soil heavy metal pollution from industrial and agricultural regions in China: pollution and risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 642:690–700

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yaqin JI, Yinchang FENG, Jianhui WU, Tan ZHU, Zhipeng BAI, Chiqing DUAN (2008) Using geoaccumulation index to study source profiles of soil dust in China. J Environ Sci 20(5):571–578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung ZLL, Kwok RCW, Yu KN (2003) Determination of multi-element profiles of street dust using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). Appl Radiat Isot 58(3):339–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yousefi S, Ardejani FD, Ziaii M, Abedi A, Zadeh EE (2015) Investigating the origin and geochemical behaviour of toxic elements within the waste dumps using statistical analyses: a case study at waste dumps of Sarcheshmeh copper mine, SE of Iran. Environ Earth Sci 73(4):1555–1572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu L, Zou S, Cai J, Xu D, Zou F, Wang Z et al (2016) Geochemical and Nd isotopic constraints on provenance and depositional setting of the Shihuiding Formation in the Shilu Fe–Co–Cu ore district, Hainan Province, South China. J Asian Earth Sci 119:100–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou XY, Wang XR (2019) Impact of industrial activities on heavy metal contamination in soils in three major urban agglomerations of China. J Clean Prod 230:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The first author wishes to acknowledge Andhra University for providing equipment. The author would like to thank Dr. Mai Mohamad for her valuable recommendations.

Funding

The work was self-funded by the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, India

    Ali M. Mohammad, K. Bhaskara Rao, E. N. Dhanamjaya Rao & K. S. N. Reddy

Authors
  1. Ali M. Mohammad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Bhaskara Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. E. N. Dhanamjaya Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. K. S. N. Reddy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All the authors were involved in the study design, AM collected samples, analyzed them, and co-wrote the manuscript; KBR co-wrote the manuscript; END and KSNR supervised the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali M. Mohammad.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mohammad, A.M., Bhaskara Rao, K., Dhanamjaya Rao, E.N. et al. Major and trace elements’ concentration in recent clastic sediments from part of the eastern coast of India: an assessment of metal pollution. Environ Earth Sci 80, 341 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09627-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09627-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation