Abstract
The present paper goes into details of the kinetics of silicide layer growth on AISI D2 during surface siliconizing. Pack cementation was employed in order to siliconize the steel surface. Siliconizing was conducted by using powder mixtures Si 12 wt.% + NH4Cl 0.5 wt.% + Al2O3 at 923, 1073 and 1223 K for 2 to 6 h, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations showed that growth mechanisms of the coating comprise many different chemical reactions. The microstructure and silicides precipitation evolution were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The silicides layers thickness falls in the range 32–154 μm. The coatings hardness varied between 750 and 800 HV, being dependent on the process parameters. The kinetics measurement revealed the growth of the FeSi, Fe2Si and FeSi2 sub-layers as a function of treatment time and temperature. The results illustrated that the diffusion coefficient (k) increased with the treatment temperature. Activation energy (Q) was calculated as 788.83 kJ.mol−1. The crystal growth rate resistance (K) ranged from 5.2 × 10−9 to 3.1 × 10−8 cm2.s−1.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Data Availability
Data available on request from the authors.
Change history
18 July 2022
Missing Open Access funding information has been added in the Funding Note.
References
Kumar A, Kaur M, Singh S, Joseph A, Jhala G, Bhandari S (2018) High-temperature tribological studies of plasma-nitrided tool steels. Surf Eng 34(8):620–633
Gobbi SJ, Gobbi VJ, Reinke G, Muterlle PV, Rosa DM (2019) Ultra low temperature process effects on micro-scale abrasion of tool steel AISI D2. Mater Sci Technol 35(11):1355–1364
Khan AM, Jamil M, Ul Haq A, Hussain S, Meng L, He N (2019) Sustainable machining. Modeling and optimization of temperature and surface roughness in the milling of AISI D2 steel. Ind Lubr Tribol 71(2):267–277
BombačD TM, Kugler G, Peruš I (2018) Amelioration of surface cracking during hot rolling of AISI D2 tool steel. Mater Sci Technol 34(14):1723–1736
Yapici A, Aydin SE, Koc V, Kanca E, Yildiz M (2019) Wear behavior of Borided AISI D2 steel under linear reciprocating sliding conditions. Prot Met Phys Chem Surf 55(2):341–351
Sadeghi B, Shamanian M, Ashrafizadeh F, Cavaliere P, Rizzo A (2018) Wear behavior of Al-based nanocomposites reinforced with bimodal micro- and Nano-sized Al2O3 particles produced by spark plasma sintering. Mater Perf Charact 7(1):327–350
Keddam M, Kulka M (2018) Simulation of the growth kinetics of FeB and Fe2B layers on AISI D2 steel by the integral method. Phys Met Metallogr 119(9):842–851
Xiang J, Xie F, Wu X, Yu Y (2019) Microstructure and tribological properties of Si-Y/Al two-step deposition coating prepared on Ti2AlNb based alloy by halide activated pack cementation technique. Tribol Int 136:45–57
Tian J, Yu WH, Tian W, Zhao J, Li YQ, Liu YZ (2015) Effects of Y-Ce on wear behaviours of silicide coatings. Surf Eng 31(4):289–294
Lu XJ, Xiang ZD (2017) A novel single-step surface-treatment process for forming Cr-nitride coatings on steels. Metall Mater Trans A48:580–583
Sun J, Li T, Zhang G-P, Fu Q-G (2019) Different oxidation protection mechanisms of HAPC silicide coating on niobium alloy over a large temperature range. J Alloys Compd 790:1014–1022
Byeong WL (2018) Effect of diffusion coatings on the high temperature properties of nickel-chromium-superalloys. Int J Mod Phys B 32:1840056
Chaia N, Portebois L, Mathieu S, David N, Vilasi M (2017) On the interdiffusion in multilayered silicide coatings for the vanadiumbased alloy V-4Cr-4Ti. J Nucl Mater 484:148–156
Li X, Hu G, Tian J, Tian W, Xie W, Li X (2018) Wear resistance enhancement of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by applying Zr-modified silicide coatings. J Mater Eng Perform 27:1073–1082
Xue J, Tao G, Tang C, Xu N, Li F, Yin C (2020) Effect of siliconizing with molten salt on the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of AISI 302 stainless steel. Surf Coat Technol 382:125217
Semboshi S, Kimura S, Iwase A, Ohtsu N (2014) Surface hardening of age-hardenable cu–Ti dilute alloys by plasma nitriding. Surf Coat Technol 258:691–698
Ikeda J, Semboshi S, Iwase A, Gao W, Sugawara A (2015) Precipitation behavior and properties of cu-Ti alloys with added nitrogen. Mater Trans 56(3):297–302
Ueyama D, Semboshi S, Saitoh Y, Ishikawa N, Nishida K, Soneda N, Hori F, Iwase A (2014) Hardening induced by energetic electron beam for Cu–Ti alloys. Japan J Appl Phys 53(5S1):05FC04
Perepezko JH, Sossaman TA, Taylor M (2017) Environmentally resistant Mo-Si-B-based coatings. J Therm Spray Technol 26(5):929–940
Cockeram BV, Rapp RA (1995) The kinetics of multilayered titanium-silicide coatings grown by the pack cementation method. Met Trans A26:777–791
Qiao Y, Zheng K, Guo X (2019) Microstructure formation of silicide coating on Nb–W–Mo–Zr alloy. Surf Eng 35(7):588–595
Shao W, Cui Y, Zhou C (2019) Diffusion paths of silicide coatings on Nb-Si-based alloys during pack cementation process. Metall Mater Trans A50(6):2945–2955
Xiang ZD, Datta PK (2003) Codeposition of Al and Si on nickel base superalloys by pack cementation process. Mater Sci Eng A356:136–144
Genel K, Ozbek I, Bindal C (2003) Kinetics of boriding of AISI W1 steel. Mater Sci Eng A357:311–314
Najafizadeh M, Ghasempour-Mouziraji M, Sadeghi B, Cavaliere P (2021) Characterization of Tribological and mechanical properties of the Si3N4 coating fabricated by duplex surface treatment of pack siliconizing and plasma Nitriding on AISI D2 tool steel. Metall Mater Trans A52(11):4753–4766
Chakraborty SP, Banerjee S, Sharma IG, Suri AK (2010) Development of silicide coating over molybdenum based refractory alloy and its characterization. J Nucl Mater 403:152–159
Wang C, Li K, He Q, Huo C, Shi X (2018) Oxidation and ablation resistant properties of pack-siliconized Si-C protective coating for carbon/carbon composites. J Alloys Compd 741:937–950
Xue Q, Sun CY, Yu JY, Huang L, Wei J, Zhang J (2017) Microstructure evolution of a Zn-Al coating co-deposited on low-carbon steel by pack cementation. J Alloys Compd 699:1012–1021
Tarani E, Stathokostopoulos D, Tsipas SA, Chrissafis K, Vourlias G (2021) Effect of the deposition time and heating temperature on the structure of chromium Silicides synthesized by pack cementation process. Corros Mater Degrad 2(2):210–226
Najafizadeh M, Ghasempour-Mouziraji M (2021) Multi-objective optimization of process parameters in pack siliconizing on AISI D2 steel. Silicon 13(7):2233–2242
Najafizadeh M, Hosseinzadeh M, Ghasempour-Mouziraji M, Perrone A, Cavaliere P (2022) Pack siliconizing optimization of AISI D2 tool steel. Silicon:1–11
Ugur S, Azkan O, Senol Y, Saduman S (2013) Kinetics of iron silicide deposited on AISI D2 steel by pack method. Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on metallurgy and materials. Czech Republic, Brno, pp 15–17
Najafizadeh M, Ghasempour-Mouziraji M, Zhang D (2021) Silicon diffusion in silicide coatings deposition by the pack cementation method on AISI D2 tool steel. Silicon:1–8
Chaiaa N, Cury PL, Rodrigues G, Coelho GC, Nunes CA (2020) Aluminide and silicide diffusion coatings by pack cementation for Nb–Ti–Al alloy. Surf Coat Technol 389:125675
Sen S, Sen U, Bindal C (2005) The growth kinetics of borides formed on boronized AISI 4140 steel. Vacuum 77:195–202
Yener T (2019) Low temperature aluminising of Fe-Cr-Ni super alloy by pack cementation. Vacuum 162:114–120
Pierre D, Peronnet M, Bosselet F, Viala JC, Bouix J (2002) Chemical interaction between mild steel and liquid mg-Si alloys. Mater Sci Eng B94:186–195
Gas P, d'Heurle FM (1993) Formation of silicide thin films by solid state reaction. Appl Surf Sci 73:153–161
Yang Y, Zhang F, He J, Qin Y, Liu B, Yang M, Yin F (2018) Microstructure, growth kinetics and mechanical properties of interface. Vacuum 151:189–196
Yang HL, Cui CW, Li YG, Tang GZ, Zhang YZ (2011) Growth kinetics and microstructure of siliconized layer by molten salt electrodeposition. Adv Mater Res 214:434–438
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
Open access funding provided by Università del Salento within the CRUI-CARE Agreement. The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design and writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
Not applicable.
Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
Consent for Publication
Not applicable.
Competing Interests
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Najafizadeh, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Ghasempour-Mouziraji, M. et al. Growth Mechanism and Kinetics of Siliconizing of AISI D2 Tool Steel. Silicon 14, 11395–11403 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-022-01871-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-022-01871-9