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Preparation and hydration of industrial solid waste—cement blends: A review

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Abstract

Industrial solid waste (ISW)—cement blends have the advantages of low carbon, low energy consumption, and low pollution, but their clinker replacement level in low carbon cement is generally low. To address this challenge, this study considers the latest progress and development trends in the ISW—cement blend research, focusing on the activation of ISWs, the formation of ISW—cement blends, and their associated hydration mechanisms. After the mechanical activation of ISWs, the D50 (average size) typically drops below 10 µm, and the specific surface area increases above 350 m2/kg. Thermal activation can increase the glassy-phase content and reactivity of ISWs, where the coal gangue activation temperature is usually set at 400–1000°C. Furthermore, the roles of ISWs in the hydration of ISW—cement blends are divided into physical and chemical roles. The physical action of ISWs usually acts in the early stage of the hydration of ISW—cement blends. Subsequently, ISWs participate in the hydration reaction of ISW—cement blends to generate products, such as C—(A)—S—H gels. Moreover, alkali activation affects the hydration kinetics of ISW—cement blends and modifies the proportion of gels. Environmental impacts and costs of ISW—cement blends have also been discussed to guide stakeholders in selecting sustainable ISWs.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Nos. 2019YFC1907101 and 2021YFC1910504), Key R&D Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Nos. 2020BCE01001 and 2021BEG 01003), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U2002212 and 51672024), Xijiang Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team (No. 2017A0109004), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos. FRF-BD-20-24A, FRF-TP-20-031A1, FRF-IC-19-017Z, FRF-GF-19-032B, and 06500141), and Integration of Green Key Process Systems MIIT.

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  1. Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China

    Qian Zhang, Bo Liu, Kui Xiao & Shengen Zhang

  2. Nuclear Chemistry and Industrial Material Recycling, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden

    Christian Ekberg

  3. Xinjiang Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Urumqi, 830009, China

    Bo Liu

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  1. Qian Zhang
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Zhang, Q., Liu, B., Xiao, K. et al. Preparation and hydration of industrial solid waste—cement blends: A review. Int J Miner Metall Mater 29, 2106–2116 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-022-2538-9

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