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Structural regulation of coal-derived hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries via pre-oxidation

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Abstract

Hard carbon (HC) is broadly recognized as an exceptionally prospective candidate for the anodes of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), but their practical implementation faces substantial limitations linked to precursor factors, such as reduced carbon yield and increased cost. Herein, a cost-effective approach is proposed to prepare a coal-derived HC anode with simple pre-oxidation followed by a post-carbonization process which effectively expands the d002 layer spacing, generates closed pores and increases defect sites. Through these modifications, the resulting HC anode attains a delicate equilibrium between plateau capacity and sloping capacity, showcasing a remarkable reversible capacity of 306.3 mAh·g−1 at 0.03 A·g−1. Furthermore, the produced HC exhibits fast reaction kinetics and exceptional rate performance, achieving a capacity of 289 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 A·g−1, equivalent to ~ 94.5% of that at 0.03 A·g−1. When implemented in a full cell configuration, the impressive electrochemical performance is evident, with a notable energy density of 410.6 Wh·kg−1 (based on cathode mass). In short, we provide a straightforward yet efficient method for regulating coal-derived HC, which is crucial for the widespread use of SIBs anodes.

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摘要

虽然硬碳（HC）被广泛认为是钠离子电池（SIB）负极极具前景的候选材料，但在实际应用中却面临着与前驱体因素相关的巨大限制，如低残炭率和较高成本。本文提出了一种低成本高效益的方法，通过简单的预氧化和后碳化工艺制备煤基硬碳负极，该策略可有效扩大 d002 层间距、产生封闭孔隙并增加缺陷位点。通过结构优化，所制备的硬碳负极的高电势区容量和低压区容量之间达到了微妙的平衡，在 0.03 A·g−1 的电流密度下展现出 306.3 mAh·g−1 的高可逆容量。此外，制备的硬碳负极还具有快速的反应动力学和优异的倍率性能，在 0.1 A·g−1 的电流密度下容量可达到 289 mAh·g−1，约为 0.03 A·g−1 条件下容量的 94.5%。当匹配成全电池时电化学性能优异，能量密度高达 410.6 Wh·kg−1（基于正极质量）。总之，我们提供了一种简单有效的方法制备煤基硬碳负极，这对于大规模生产SIBs负极材料至关重要。

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Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52173246), 111 project (No. B13013) and Shccig-Qinling Program (No. SMYJY20220574).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China

    Meng-Yuan Su, Xue-Li Zhang, Yan-Ning Liu & Xing-Long Wu

  2. MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, China

    Kai-Yang Zhang, Jia-Lin Yang, Zhen-Yi Gu & Xing-Long Wu

  3. Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637616, Singapore

    Edison Huixiang Ang

  4. Materials Engineering Department, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 75300, Pakistan

    Faaz A. Butt

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Su, MY., Zhang, KY., Ang, E.H. et al. Structural regulation of coal-derived hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries via pre-oxidation. Rare Met. 43, 2585–2596 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02607-3

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