Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental Study of Dissimilar Double Pulse Resistance Spot Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel and Weathering Steel

  • Published:
Metals and Materials International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of this study is to prevent thermal cracking in the fusion zone of dissimilar resistance spot weld, which arises due to the electrical and thermal conductivity differences of austenitic steel and weathering steel. Therefore, dissimilar double pulse resistance spot welding experiments were carried out on 4-mm-thick 301LN austenitic stainless steel and 09CuPCrNi weathering steel sheets. The first low-current pulse was used for prewelding, and the second high-current pulse was used for weld generation under a high electrode force. Under these conditions, satisfactory welds that met the welding criterion without thermal cracks or central shrinkage cavities were obtained. In the fusion zone of the double pulse weld, the phases present were lath martensite, δ-ferrite, austenite and phosphorus-rich eutectic. There was a small amount of austenite in this zone, and the eutectic appeared at the grain boundaries. The failure mode of the double pulse weld was pull-out fracture. Finally, the load-bearing capacity of the double pulse weld was 35% greater than that of the single pulse weld.

Graphical Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data in this study is available to third parties.

References

  1. J. Talonen, H. Hänninen, P. Nenonen, G. Pape, Effect of strain rate on the strain-induced γ → α′-martensite transformation and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 36, 421–432 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0313-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. W. Liu, Z. Li, X. Wang, H. Zou, L. Wang, Effect of strain rate on strain induced α′-martensite transformation and mechanical response of austenitic stainless steels. Acta Metall. Sin. 45, 285–291 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0412-1961.2008.07.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. X. Li, W. Liu, X. Guo, Z. Zhang, Z. Song, Microstructure evolution of laser welded 301LN and AISI 304 ustenitic stainless steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 54, 1186–1198 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-023-06973-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. X. Guo, W. Liu, X. Li, J. Fan, Z. Song, A new approach to improve ductility of non-penetrating laser welded lap joints of cold-rolled 301LN stainless steel. Weld. World 65, 87–93 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00999-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. W. Liu, H. Fan, X. Guo, Z. Huang, X. Han, Mechanical properties of resistance spot welded components of high strength austenitic stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Technol. 32, 561–565 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2015.11.023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Z. Fu, G. Gou, Z. Zhu, C. Ma, W. Yang, L. Zhang, Y. Hu, W. Gao, Stress corrosion cracking behavior of SUS301L-MT stainless steel laser-arc hybrid welded joints. Corros. Sci. 143, 23–30 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.08.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. S. Ningshen, U.K. Mudali, Pitting and intergranular corrosion resistance of AISI Type 301LN stainless steels. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 19, 274–281 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-009-9441-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. M. Amra, S.R. Alavi Zaree, R. Dehmolaei, Dissimilar welding between 1.4742 ferritic and 310S austenitic stainless steels: assessment of oxidation behaviour. Met. Mater. Int. 27, 931–945 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-019-00485-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. A.E. Hernández, L.O. Villarinho, V.A. Ferraresi, M.S. Orozco, A.S. Roca, H.C. Fals, Optimization of resistance spot welding process parameters of dissimilar DP600/AISI304 joints using the infrared thermal image processing. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 108, 211–221 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05374-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. M. Pouranvari, M. Khorramifar, S.P.H. Marashi, Ferritic–austenitic stainless steels dissimilar resistance spot welds: metallurgical and failure characteristics. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 21, 438–445 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2015.1124491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. F. Badkoobeh, H. Mostaan, M. Rafiei, A. Bakhtiari, A study on phase evolutions and tensile-shear performance of dissimilar resistance spot welds formed between AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel and AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 32, 5028–5042 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07451-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Z. Gu, S. Li, L. Zhao, L. Zhu, G. Yu, Finite element simulation and experimental investigations of cold stamping forming defect of A588-A thick weathering steel bogie lower cover. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 104, 1275–1283 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04148-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. N. Akkaş, Welding time effect on tensile-shear loading in resistance spot welding of SPA-H weathering steel sheets used in railway vehicles. Acta Phys. Pol. A 131, 52–54 (2017). https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.131.52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. W. Liu, J. Liu, H. Pan, F. Cao, Z. Wu, H. Lv, Z. Xu, Synergisic effect of Mn, Cu, P with Cr content on the corrosion behavior of weathering steel as a train under the simulated industrial atmosphere. J. Alloys Compd. 834, 155095 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155095

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Y. Sun, W. Liu, B. Dong, T. Zhang, L. Chen, W. Yang, H. Li, B. Zhang, J. Xie, J. Cui, Designing weathering steel with optimized Mo/Ni ratios for better corrosion resistance in simulated tropical marine atmosphere. Met. Mater. Int. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-023-01547-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. X. Li, W. Liu, H. Liu, Z. Zhang, P. Bao, Microstructure and thermal cracking susceptibility of dissimilar resistance spot welded austenitic and mild steels. Weld. World 67, 417–423 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-022-01440-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. I.A. Soomro, S.R. Pedapati, M. Awang, A review of advances in resistance spot welding of automotive sheet steels: emerging methods to improve joint mechanical performance. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 118, 1335–1366 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08002-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Y. Jing, Y. Xu, D. Wang, L. Lu, J. Li, Y. Yu, Improving mechanical properties of welds through tailoring microstructure characteristics and fracture mechanism in multi-pulse resistance spot welding of Q&P980 steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 843, 143130 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. X. Liu, Y. Xu, R.D.K. Misra, F. Peng, Y. Wang, Y. Du, Mechanical properties in double pulse resistance spot welding of Q&P 980 Steel. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 263, 186–197 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.08.018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Y. Zhang, W. Xu, G. Zhang, W. Tao, S. Yang, Mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of Q&P980 steel during in situ post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) resistance spot welding. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 53, 794–809 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06546-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. T. Chen, Z. Ling, M. Wang, L. Kong, Effect of post-weld tempering pulse on microstructure and mechanical properties of resistance spot welding of Q&P1180 steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 831, 142164 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.142164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. I.A. Soomro, S.R. Pedapati, M. Awang, M.A. Alam, Effects of double pulse welding on microstructure, texture, and fatigue behavior of DP590 steel resistance spot weld. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 125, 1271–1287 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10704-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. A. Chabok, E. van der Aa, J.T.M.D. Hosson, Y.T. Pei, Mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of resistance spot welded DP1000 dual phase steel. Mater. Des. 124, 171–182 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.03.070

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. H. Aghajani, M. Pouranvari, Influence of in situ thermal processing strategies on the weldability of martensitic stainless steel resistance spot welds: effect of second pulse current on the weld microstructure and mechanical properties. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 50, 5191–5209 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05443-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. O.T. Betiku, M. Shojaee, O. Sherepenko, A.R.H. Midawi, A.M. Chertov, H. Ghassemi-Armaki, R.G. Maev, E. Biro, Optimizing post-weld performance of press-hardened steel resistance spot welds by controlling fusion zone porosity. Weld. World 66, 1733–1746 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-022-01332-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. D. Zhao, N. Vdonin, L. Radionova, L. Glebov, V. Bykov, Optimization of post-weld tempering parameters for HSLA 420 steel in resistance spot welding process. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 123, 1811–1823 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10319-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. M. Stadler, M. Gruber, R. Schnitzer, C. Hofer, Microstructural characterization of a double pulse resistance spot welded 1200 MPa TBF steel. Weld. World 64, 335–343 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-019-00835-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. D.Y. Choi, A. Sharma, S.H. Uhm, J.P. Jung, Liquid metal embrittlement of resistance spot welded 1180 TRIP steel: effect of electrode force on cracking behavior. Met. Mater. Int. 25, 219–228 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-018-0180-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. T. Kawakubo, K. Ushioda, H. Fujii, Grain boundary segregation and toughness of friction-stir-welded high-phosphorus weathering steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 832, 142350 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.142350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. A. Almomani, A.H.I. Mourad, I. Barsoum, Effect of sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, and delta ferrite on weld solidification cracking of AISI 310S austenitic stainless steel. Eng. Fail. Anal. 139, 106488 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. H.S. Kim, Y. Kobayashi, K. Nagai, Simulation of the influence of phosphorus on the prior austenite grain size of high-impurity steels. Acta Mater. 54, 2441–2449 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2006.01.024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. W. Liu, C. Sun, X. Xu, Y. Zuo, J. Lin, The influences of nugget diameter on the mechanical properties and the failure mode of resistance spot-welded metastable austenitic stainless steel. Mater. Des. 33, 292–299 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.06.071

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. S.H.M. Anijdan, M. Sabzi, M. Ghobeiti-Hasab, A. Roshan-Ghiyas, Optimization of spot welding process parameters in dissimilar joint of dual phase steel DP600 and AISI 304 stainless steel to achieve the highest level of shear-tensile strength. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 726, 120–125 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.04.072

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. P.R. Spena, M.D. Maddis, F. Lombardi, M. Rossini, Dissimilar resistance spot welding of Q&P and TWIP steel sheets. Mater. Manuf. Process. 31, 291–299 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2015.1048476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the scientific research and development project 2019J011-C of China Railway Corporation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China

    Xiqing Li, Wei Liu, Yutong Chen, Zhiguo Zhang & Peiwei Bao

Authors
  1. Xiqing Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wei Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yutong Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zhiguo Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Peiwei Bao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wei Liu.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, X., Liu, W., Chen, Y. et al. Experimental Study of Dissimilar Double Pulse Resistance Spot Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel and Weathering Steel. Met. Mater. Int. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01667-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01667-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation