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Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of a Lytic Bacteriophage CF1 Infecting the Multi-drug Resistant Bacterium Citrobacter freundii

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  • Systems Biology
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Abstract

Citrobacter freundii is a facultative anaerobic and Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Citrobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens that are commonly found in water, soil, food, animals, or intestines in humans and warm-blooded animals and are a major concern for antibiotic resistance, especially C. freundii that exists in the farms, medical environment, and is difficult to eradicate. In this study, genomic and phenotypic characterization of a newly isolated bacteriophage CF1 capable of specifically infecting C. freundii is presented. The bacteriophage CF1 was isolated from sewage water sample near a livestock farm. The bacteriophage was morphologically and microbiologically characterized including one stage growth curve, and host range, on top of which the genome sequence of bacteriophage CF1 was determined. Microbiological characterization demonstrated that bacteriophage CF1 is stable in a range of pH4-9, and at the temperature below 70°C for 60 min. Genomic analysis revealed that bacteriophage CF1 is a new one with a double-stranded DNA of 50,339 bp, GC content of 42.65% that encodes 89 predicted open reading frames. Comparative analysis showed that bacteriophage CF1 is similar to C. freundii bacteriophage Stevie. Thus, this study provides genomic and phenotypic characteristics of a newly isolated bacteriophage, which can serve as a knowledge-base to use bacteriophage CF1 in the treatment of pathogenic C. freundii particularly with antimicrobial resistance in livestock industry.

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Data Availability

Nucleotide sequence accession number

The complete genome sequence and annotation of bacteriophage CF1 has been deposited to GenBank under the accession number KY694971.

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Acknowledgements

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Neither ethical approval nor informed consent was required for this study.

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  1. These authors contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Optipharm Inc., Cheongju, 28158, Korea

    Youngju Kim, Young Eun Yeon & Hyunil Kim

  2. Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea

    Youngju Kim & Jeong Keun Ahn

  3. School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Korea

    Seyoung Ko & Donghyuk Kim

  4. School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Korea

    Seyoung Ko & Donghyuk Kim

  5. Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea

    Chang-Sik Oh

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Contributions

Y. K. and D. K. designed the study. Y. K. and Y. E. Y. performed experiments. S. K. performed computational analysis, and data analysis. Y. K., S. K., Y. E. Y., B. K. H., H. K., C. S. O., Y. R., and D. K. wrote the manuscript with contributions from all other authors.

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Correspondence to Jeong Keun Ahn or Donghyuk Kim.

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Kim, Y., Ko, S., Yeon, Y.E. et al. Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of a Lytic Bacteriophage CF1 Infecting the Multi-drug Resistant Bacterium Citrobacter freundii. Biotechnol Bioproc E 25, 384–393 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-019-0505-8

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