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Carbon Fluxes from River to Sea: Sources and Fate of Carbon in a Shallow, Coastal Lagoon

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Abstract

Lagoons act to transport, retain (via sedimentation), and divert (via outgassing) carbon (C) on its route from land to sea. Their role in transporting vs. attenuating C fluxes is important to understanding global C cycles and sources of organic matter supporting food webs. Here, we present a C budget for a large coastal lagoon in the Baltic region that incorporates measurements of river-estuary, estuary-marine, and sediment-water exchanges, along with internal processes (production and respiration) governing transformations among C fractions. Organic C fluxes were dominated by internal cycling (GPP and R), whereas inorganic C fluxes were largely dependent on hydrological transport. Sediment-water exchange of DIC and DOC was of lesser importance, despite the shallowness of the lagoon. On an annual basis, the lagoon was a net source of organic matter (OM) to the Baltic Sea as export of dissolved and particulate fractions exceeded riverine and marine inputs by 37 ± 4%. Export of OM was due to internal production of POC via phytoplankton photosynthesis. We combined the mass balance and metabolism results with a consumer energetics approach to align C sources with C flows through the lagoon food web. We estimate that the annual harvested fish production accounts for nearly 22% of OM inputs from internal and external sources. A comparison with C flux data from the Chesapeake region allowed us to appreciate how ecosystems at the river-estuarine transition differ in their roles as pipes vs. reactors, depending on the sources and timing of OM inputs, and how these differences constrain food web energetics.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Lithuanian Marine Research Department of the Ministry of Environment for providing meteorological and Nemunas River discharge data, the Coast Guard District of the State Border Guard Service for logistic support, Ali Ertürk for help with carbon dioxide flux calculations, Tomas Ruginis for assistance in field sampling, and Linas Zozys (Lithuanian Nature Research Center) for providing data on fish landings from the Curonian Lagoon.

Funding

Contributions from IV-L and MZ were supported by a grant from the Research Council of Lithuania (“Unravelling hidden players and pathways of nitrogen cycling in the three largest European lagoons”; Agreement No. S-MIP-22-47).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Environmental Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA

    Paul A. Bukaveckas

  2. State Research Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Ruta Barisevičiūtė

  3. Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92294, Klaipeda, Lithuania

    Mindaugas Zilius, Irma Vybernaite-Lubiene, Jolita Petkuviene, Diana Vaiciute & Petras Zemlys

  4. Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ferrara University, 44121, Ferrara, Italy

    Mindaugas Zilius

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  1. Paul A. Bukaveckas
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Communicated by Margaret R. Mulholland

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Bukaveckas, P.A., Barisevičiūtė, R., Zilius, M. et al. Carbon Fluxes from River to Sea: Sources and Fate of Carbon in a Shallow, Coastal Lagoon. Estuaries and Coasts 46, 1223–1238 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-023-01214-w

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