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Microbial biochemical pathways of arsenic biotransformation and their application for bioremediation

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Abstract

Arsenic is a ubiquitous toxic metalloid, the concentration of which is beyond WHO safe drinking water standards in many areas of the world, owing to many natural and anthropogenic activities. Long-term exposure to arsenic proves lethal for plants, humans, animals, and even microbial communities in the environment. Various sustainable strategies have been developed to mitigate the harmful effects of arsenic which include several chemical and physical methods, however, bioremediation has proved to be an eco-friendly and inexpensive technique with promising results. Many microbes and plant species are known for arsenic biotransformation and detoxification. Arsenic bioremediation involves different pathways such as uptake, accumulation, reduction, oxidation, methylation, and demethylation. Each of these pathways has a certain set of genes and proteins to carry out the mechanism of arsenic biotransformation. Based on these mechanisms, various studies have been conducted for arsenic detoxification and removal. Genes specific for these pathways have also been cloned in several microorganisms to enhance arsenic bioremediation. This review discusses different biochemical pathways and the associated genes which play important roles in arsenic redox reactions, resistance, methylation/demethylation, and accumulation. Based on these mechanisms, new methods can be developed for effective arsenic bioremediation.

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Abbreviations

As:

Arsenic

As(V):

Arsenate

As(III):

Arsenite

Fe:

Iron

Cu:

Copper

P:

Phosphorous

FeAsS:

Arsenopyrite

ars :

Plasmid-borne arsenical resistance operon

MAs(III):

Methyl arsenite

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

DSE:

Dark septate endophytes

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

POD:

Peroxidase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

PGP:

Plant growth promoting

Pi:

Inorganic phosphate

DMA:

Dimethylarsinic acid

TMA:

Trimethylarsinic acid

DMAs(III):

Dimethylarsine

TMAs(III):

Trimethylarsine

MMAAs:

Monomethylarsonic acid

DMAAs:

Dimethylarsenic acid

TMAsO:

Trimethylarsine oxide

GSH:

Glutathione

FeAsO4·2H2O:

Scorodite

NO3 1− :

Nitrates

SO4 2− :

Sulfates

Pst:

Phosphate transport system

Pit:

Inorganic phosphate transporter

MBfR:

Membrane biofilm reactor

T-RFLP:

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism

HFO:

Hydrous ferric oxides

DARPs:

Dissimilatory arsenate-reducing prokaryotes

ArsR:

Arsenical resistance operon transcriptional regulator

CmarsM:

S-Adenosylmethionine methyltransferase gene

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Acknowledgements

We want to acknowledge Miss Umaima Mohsin (Research Center of Art and Design, Lahore College for Women University, umaimamohsin14@gmail.com) for her technical assistance in making the figures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

    Hareem Mohsin, Muhammad Zaid & Yasir Rehman

  2. Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan

    Maria Shafique

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  1. Hareem Mohsin
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  4. Yasir Rehman
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Correspondence to Yasir Rehman.

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Mohsin, H., Shafique, M., Zaid, M. et al. Microbial biochemical pathways of arsenic biotransformation and their application for bioremediation. Folia Microbiol 68, 507–535 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-023-01068-6

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