Abstract
Hydrophilic metabolites of pesticides in food and the environment are seldom analyzed due to the lack of suitable analytical methods. In the present study, a single-run analytical method was developed to determine dimethenamid, saflufenacil and their five metabolites in maize grain and plant. A good linearity was achieved for the matrix-matched calibration curves of the seven analytes with r2 ≥ 0.9991. The average recoveries of dimethenamid, saflufenacil and their metabolites in maize grain and plant were 70.1–113.8% with inter-day relative standard deviations ≤ 21.5%. The limits of detection and quantification for the two herbicides and their metabolites were in the ranges of 0.008–1.4 μg/kg and 0.027–4.7 μg/kg, respectively, in two matrices. The limits of quantification for dimethenamid and saflufenacil in maize grain were below the maximum residue limits proposed by Codex (10 μg/kg). The results from field trials demonstrated the method effective and reliable for monitoring of the target residues in maize.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brown LR, Shropshire C, Sikkema PH (2016) Control of glyphosate-resistant Canada fleabane in corn with preplant herbicides. Can J Plant Sci 96:932–934. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2016-0049
Byker HP, Soltani N, Robinson DE, Tardif FJ, Lawton MB, Sikkema PH (2013) Control of glyphosate-resistant Canada fleabane [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] with preplant herbicide tankmixes in soybean [Glycine max. (L). Merr.]. Can J Plant Sci 93:659–667. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-320
Cáceres T, He W, Naidu R, Megharaj M (2007) Toxicity of chlorpyrifos and TCP alone and in combination to Daphnia carinata: the influence of microbial degradation in natural water. Water Res 41:4497–4503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.025
Camargo ER, Senseman SA, Haney RL, Guice JB, McCauley GN (2013) Soil residue analysis and degradation of saflufenacil as affected by moisture content and soil characteristics. Pest Manag Sci 69:1291–1297. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3494
Chang QY, Fan CL, Chen H, Kang J, Wang ML, Pang GF (2014) Determination of 187 pesticide residues in edible fungi by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Methods 6:4288–4304. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8AY00830B
Cheng Y, Dong F, Liu X, Xu J, Meng W, Liu N, Chen Z, Tao Y, Zheng Y (2014) Simultaneous determination of fipronil and its major metabolites in corn and soil by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Methods 6:1788–1795. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8AY00176F
Do J-A, Park H, Kwon J-E, Oh J-H, Cho Y-J, Chang M-I, Choi W-J, Lee H-S, Hong J-H (2014) Development and interlaboratory validation of an analytical method for the determination of saflufenacil in agricultural products by HPLC-UVD and LC-MS. J Fd Hyg Safety 29:285–291. https://doi.org/10.13103/JFHS.2014.29.4.285
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2012) Setting of new MRLs for saflufenacil in a wide range of food commodities. EFSA J 10:2596. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2596
Ganie ZA, Lindquist JL, Jugulam M, Kruger GR, Marx DB, Jhala AJ, Neve P (2017) An integrated approach to control glyphosate-resistant Ambrosia trifidawith tillage and herbicides in glyphosate-resistant maize. Weed Res 57:112–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12244
Keeling JW, Brown BA, Reed JD, Dotray PA (2013) Grain sorghum response to saflufenacil applied preemergence. Crop Prot 46:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.11.007
Kemmerich M, Bernardi G, Prestes OD, Adaime MB, Zanella R (2018) Comprehensive method validation for the determination of 170 pesticide residues in pear employing modified QuEChERS without clean-up and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Anal Methods 11:556–577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-1026-8
Kolpin DW, Schnoebelen DJ, Thurman EM (2004) Degradates provide insight to spatial and temporal trends of herbicides in ground water. Groundwater 42:601–608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02628.x
Lan M, Li S, Xu Z, Tian C, Yang M, Gui W, Zhu G (2014) Simultaneous determination of saflufenacil and its two metabolites in soil samples by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 37:658–664. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201301121
Lee E, Kish J, Zimmerman L, Thurman E (2001) Methods of analysis by the US geological survey organic geochemistry research group-update and additions to the determination of chloroacetanilide herbicide degradation compounds in water using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Lawrence, Kansas. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0010/report.pdf
Loor-Vela SX, Crawford Simmons JJ, Simmons FW, Raskin L (2003) Dissipation of [14C] acetochlor herbicide under anaerobic aquatic conditions in flooded soil microcosms. J Agric Food Chem 51:6767–6773. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0341058
Manchester JI, Buurman ET, Bisacchi GS, McLaughlin RE (2012) Molecular determinants of AcrB-mediated bacterial efflux implications for drug discovery: miniperspective. J Med Chem 55:2532–2537. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm201275d
Moran M, Sikkema PH, Hall JC, Swanton CJ (2011) Sodium safens saflufenacil applied postemergence to corn (Zea mays). Weed Sci 59:4–13. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-10-00051.1
Mueller TC, Boswell BW, Mueller SS, Steckel LE (2014) Dissipation of fomesafen, saflufenacil, sulfentrazone, and flumioxazin from a Tennessee soil under field conditions. Weed Sci 62:664–671. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-13-00183.1
Nguyen TD, Han EM, Seo MS, Kim SR, Yun MY, Lee DM, Lee G-H (2008) A multi-residue method for the determination of 203 pesticides in rice paddies using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 619:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2008.03.031
Prashant J, Vipan K, Josefina G, Nicholas R (2015) Tank mixing pendimethalin with pyroxasulfone and chloroacetamide herbicides enhances in-season residual weed control in corn. Weed Technol 29:198–206. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-14-00095.1
Soltani N, Van Eerd LL, Vyn R, Shropshire C, Sikkema PH (2007) Weed management in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with dimethenamid plus reduced doses of imazethapyr applied preplant incorporated. Crop Prot 26:739–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.06.013
Soltani N, Shropshire C, Sikkema PH (2011) Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) control in corn. Can J Plant Sci 91:577–581. https://doi.org/10.1139/CJPS2010-004
Tao Y, Xu J, Liu X, Cheng Y, Liu N, Chen Z, Dong F, Zheng Y (2014) A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the simultaneous detection of four triazolone herbicides in cereals combined with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 37:2340–2348. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201400186
Tian F, Liu X, Wu Y, Xu J, Dong F, Wu X, Zheng Y (2016) Simultaneous determination of penflufen and one metabolite in vegetables and cereals using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 213:410–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.117
USDA (2018) World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates. Available at https://www.usda.gov/oce/commodity/wasde/Secretary_Briefing.pdf
Walorczyk S, Drozdzynski D, Kierzek R (2015) Determination of pesticide residues in samples of green minor crops by gas chromatography and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta 132:197–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.073
Walsh KD, Soltani N, Shropshire C, Sikkema PH (2015) Weed control in soybean with imazethapyr applied alone or in tank mix with saflufenacil/dimethenamid-P. Weed Sci 63:329–335. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-14-00076.1
Wang J, Chow W, Chang J, Wong JW (2014) Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry for the analysis of 451 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables: method development and validation. J Agric Food Chem 62:10375–10391. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf503778c
Wu X, Yin Y, Wang S, Yu Y (2014) Accumulation of chlorothalonil and its metabolite, 4-hydroxychlorothalonil, in soil after repeated applications and its effects on soil microbial activities under greenhouse conditions. Environ Sci Pollut R 21:3452–3459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2318-1
Yokley RA, Mayer LC, Huang S-B, Vargo JD (2002) Analytical method for the determination of metolachlor, acetochlor, alachlor, dimethenamid, and their corresponding ethanesulfonic and oxanillic acid degradates in water using SPE and LC/ESI-MS/MS. Anal Chem 74:3754–3759. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac020134q
Zhang T, Johnson EN, Mueller TC, Willenborg CJ (2017) Early application of harvest aid herbicides adversely impacts lentil. Agron J 109:239–248. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.07.0419
Zimmerman LR, Schneider RJ, Thurman EM (2002) Analysis and detection of the herbicides dimethenamid and flufenacet andtheir sulfonic and oxanilic acid degradates in natural water. J Agric Food Chem 50:1045–1052. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010779b
Funding
This work was granted in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0200201-1 to X. Wu), the Natural Science Research Project of Higher Education of Anhui (KJ2017A162 to D. Pan.), and the Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Anhui Province (1808085J16 to X. Wu).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Haiyan Chen declares that he has no conflict of interest. Meng Li declares that he has no conflict of interest. Jiaying Xue declares that he has no conflict of interest. Dandan Pan declares that he has no conflict of interest. Xiangwei Wu declares that he has no conflict of interest. Qing X. Li declares that he has no conflict of interest. Rimao Hua declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
This study does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed Consent
All individual authors have read the manuscript and agreed upon its submission to your journal.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, H., Li, M., Xue, J. et al. Simultaneous Determination of Dimethenamid, Saflufenacil and their Metabolites in Maize Using a Modified QuEChERS Method and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Anal. Methods 11, 3396–3405 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-018-1321-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-018-1321-z