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Alkaline rocks from the Deccan Large Igneous Province: Time–space distribution, petrology, geochemistry and economic aspects

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Abstract

We present a comprehensive review on the alkaline rocks from the Deccan Large Igneous Province (DLIP) and discuss their (i) temporal and spatial association with the Deccan Traps, (ii) petrography, mineral- and whole-rock geochemistry (including radiogenic and stable isotopes) and geophysical aspects, and (iii) P–T data available on their entrained xenoliths. The alkaline rocks occur in seven sub-provinces, viz., (i) the Kachchh, (ii) the Saurashtra, (iii) the Gujarat Central and Chhotaudepur, (iv) the Mumbai–Trombay, (v) the Central Deccan, (vi) the Aravalli, and (vii) the Tethyan Himalayan, with the first five in association with the Deccan Traps. A diverse variety of silica under-saturated to over-saturated alkaline rocks with varied mineralogical and geochemical compositions have been reported from these sub-provinces. These include alkali basalt, basanite, carbonatite, ijolite, lamprophyre, leucite, melteigite, mugearite, nephelinite, nepheline syenite, orangeites, alkali pyroxenite, phonolite, tinguaite, etc. Available geochronological data on the Deccan alkaline rocks reveal a wide duration of the related magmatic activity (124–55 My), and suggest the presence of pre-, syn- and post-emplacement ages of the DLIP units. Alkaline rocks of the DLIP are hosted by discrete aged lithotypes in a variety of stratigraphic horizons, such as the Deccan Traps, Cretaceous Bagh beds, Jurassic sandstones, Triassic Shrinab sediments, Proterozoic Godhra Granite and unclassified gneisses. In a majority of the sub-provinces, intrusions of alkaline rocks are controlled by fractures, rift or lineament systems such as the Kutch rift, the Son–Narmada Tapti rift, etc. Their major mineralogy is dominated by pyroxene, feldspar, amphibole, mica, olivine, nepheline, leucite, sodalite and carbonate minerals whereas accessory and minor minerals include titanite, apatite, spinel, rutile, pyrite, chalcopyrite, epidote, zircon, pyrochlore, garnet, perovskite and other REE-bearing phases. Geochemical studies reveal their sodic to potassic nature, with distinct shoshonitic character for some alkaline rocks. Combined geochemical and isotopic studies highlight the role of mixed mantle sources ranging from spinel to garnet stability depths and involvement of the lower degrees of partial melting. Source modification by subduction and crustal contamination is evaluated. Geodynamic implications for the orogenic and anorogenic signatures found in various occurrences, depth of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary, and economic resources are also examined and future research directions are identified.

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(modified from Dessai and Viegas 2010).

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Acknowledgements

It is a great pleasure to contribute to this special issue in memory of Prof Gautam Sen with whom one of us (NVCR) was closely associated for several years. We tried to accommodate as many relevant references as possible in this review, and any exclusion (given the magnitude of the literature available) is inadvertent, unintentional and constrained by the page limit and we solicit an understanding and pardon by the aggrieved author, if any. We are thankful to the Head, Department of Geology, BHU, Varanasi for his support. NVCR thanks DST-SERB, New Delhi for granting research projects on the alkaline rocks (No. SR/S4/ES-554/2011 and IR/S4/ESF-18/2011 dated 12.11.2013) and Institute of Eminence Project (IoE). IoE and UGC are also acknowledged by RP for seed grant and start-up grant projects. MKS thanks CSIR-New Delhi for awarding an SRF (NET). CSIR is also acknowledged for awarding JRF to DT. We also thank Samrendra Sahoo, B Lehmann, Abhinay Sharma and Prashant Dhote for their help and assistance during our study on the Deccan-related alkaline rocks. Insightful reviews by four anonymous journal reviewers and editorial comments by Jyotisankar Ray are gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Department of Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India

    Rohit Pandey, N V Chalapathi Rao & Mahendra K Singh

  2. Geological Survey of India, Bangalore, 560 078, India

    Debojit Talukdar

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Contributions

Rohit Pandey: Data compilation, interpretation and manuscript drafting; N V Chalapathi Rao: Conceptualization, overall supervision, and finalization of the manuscript; Mahendra K Singh: Data compilation, graphic preparation and manuscript drafting; Debojit Talukdar: Compilation, interpretation and manuscript drafting.

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Correspondence to N V Chalapathi Rao.

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Communicated by: Jyotisankar Ray

This article is part of the Topical Collection: Deccan Traps and other Flood Basalt Provinces – Recent Research Trends.

Supplementary materials pertaining to this article are available on the Journal of Earth System Science website (http://www.ias.ac.in/Journals/Journal_of_Earth_System_Science).

Supplementary Information

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12040_2022_1852_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary file 1 Supplementary figure S1. (A) Total-alkali silica diagram for different alkaline rocks associated with the Deccan. Majority of the alkali basalts are restricted to basaltic and basanite composition while maximum variation is shown by miscellaneous alkaline rocks (after Le Bas et al. 1986). A good positive correlation is apparent between total alkalis with increasing silica for Deccan lamprophyres suggesting a strong control of differentiation on the alkali content of these rocks. (B) Co (ppm) vs. Th (ppm) bi-variant plot for the Deccan lamprophyres displaying a high K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic nature (after Hastie et al. 2007). (C) Zr/Y vs. Th/Yb discrimination plot for the Deccan lamprophyres depicting their calc-alkaline nature (after Ross and Bedard 2009). (TIF 674 kb)

12040_2022_1852_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary file 2 Supplementary figure S2. Bi-variant plot for the Deccan alkali basalts (A) MgO (wt%) vs. Zr (ppm), (B) FeO (wt %) vs. Zr (ppm), (C) MgO (wt%) vs. Y (ppm), (D) FeO (wt%) vs. Y (ppm), and (E) AFM plot (A = Na2O + K2O; F = FeOt; M = MgO) for Deccan alkali basalt displaying their calc-alkaline to tholeiitic nature (after Irvine and Baragar 1971), and (F) CaO vs. P2O5 bi-variant plot for the Deccan carbonatites depicting an overall scatter which highlights the presence of cumulus crystals of apatite rather than effects of fractionation. (TIF 747 kb)

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Pandey, R., Rao, N.V.C., Singh, M.K. et al. Alkaline rocks from the Deccan Large Igneous Province: Time–space distribution, petrology, geochemistry and economic aspects. J Earth Syst Sci 131, 108 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-022-01852-x

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